Bituminous mixtures based on natural asphalt, on natural bitumen, on petroleum bitumen, on mineral tar or on mineral tar pitch (for example, bituminous mastics, cut-backs)

Bituminous mixtures based on natural asphalt, on natural bitumen, on petroleum bitumen, on mineral tar or on mineral tar pitch (for example, bituminous mastics, cut-backs) The composition of bituminous mixtures of this heading varies according to the intended use. 1. Products used for waterproofing and protecting surfaces or for insulating purposes The products used for corrosion-resistant coatings, insulating electrical plant, waterproofing surfaces, filling cracks, etc. usually consist of a binder (bitumen, asphalt or tar), rigid fillers such as mineral fibres (asbestos, glass), wood sawdust and any other substance needed to give the products the properties required or to facilitate their application. The following are examples of these products: (a) bituminous sealants with a solvent content of less than 30 % which enable coatings with a thickness of 3 to 4 mm or less to be obtained; (b) bituminous mastics with a solvent content not exceeding 10 % which enable the following to be obtained: either coatings with a thickness ranging from 4 mm to 1 cm or caulked seams of large dimensions (2 to 8 cm); (c) other bituminous preparations containing fillers but no solvents. These must be given heat treatment before being used. Among other applications, they are used for protecting underground or underwater pipework (pipelines). 2. Products used for surfacing roads Bituminous products of this heading used for surfacing roads fall into two main categories: (a) cut-backs and road-oils Cut-backs are bitumens dissolved in fairly heavy solvents, the quantity of which can be varied according to the desired viscosity. The trade descriptions of these preparations differ according to whether the solvents used are of petroleum or other origin; those containing the former are ‘fluidified bitumens’, the others are ‘fluxed bitumens’. Road-oils are like preparations based on bitumen containing heavy solvents in quantities that vary according to the desired viscosity. Adhesives are sometimes added to render these preparations resistant to peeling. All these bituminous preparations have the following distinctive characteristics: The following diagram shows how: (b) aqueous emulsions These are preparations obtained by emulsifying bitumens with water. There are two categories: 1. anionic or ‘alkaline’ emulsions based on ordinary or tall oil soap; 2. cationic or ‘acidic’ emulsions based on an aliphatic amine or a quaternary ammonium ion. 1. Scope This test method covers the determination of the content of aromatic and non-aromatic constituents in mineral oils. 2. Definition 2.1. Aromatic constituents: the portion of the sample dissolved in the solvent and adsorbed on silica gel. The aromatic constituents may contain: aromatic hydrocarbons, condensed naphthenic-aromatics, aromatic olefins, asphaltenes, aromatic compounds containing sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen and polar aromatics. 2.2. Non-aromatic constituents: the portion of the sample which is not adsorbed on silica gel and which is eluted by the solvent (such as non-aromatic hydrocarbons). 3. Principle of the method The sample, dissolved in n-pentane, is allowed to percolate through a special chromatography column packed with silica gel. The nonaromatic constituents, eluted with solvent, are collected subsequently and assayed by weighing after the solvent has evaporated. Samples not dissolving in n-pentane should be dissolved in cyclohexane. 4. Apparatus and reagents Chromatography column: this is a glass tube with the dimensions and shape shown in the accompanying sketch. The top aperture must be capable of being sealed by a glass joint having its ground flat face pressed against the top of the column by two rubber-covered metal clamps. The seal must be completely leak tight against an applied pressure of nitrogen or air. Silica gel: fineness of 200 mesh or more. It must be activated for seven hours in an oven kept at 170 °C before use and placed in a desiccator to cool. After activation, the silica gel must be used within a few days. Solvent I n-pentane: minimum 95 % pure, aromatic-free. Solvent II cyclohexane: minimum 98 % pure, aromatic-free. 5. Procedure 1 (chromatography column 1) Preparation of the sample solution: dissolve approximately 3,6 g (exactly weighed) of the sample in 10 ml of n-pentane (I). If the sample is insoluble in n-pentane, dissolve it in cyclohexane and the determination is performed using cyclohexane (II) instead of n-pentane (I). Pack the chromatography column (chromatography column 1) with the previously activated silica gel, up to about 10 cm from the upper glass bulb, by carefully tamping the contents of the column with a vibrator so as not to leave any channels. Then insert a plug of glass wool in the top of the silica gel column. Pre-moisten the silica gel with 180 ml of solvent (I) or (II), and apply a pressure of air or nitrogen from above until the upper surface of the liquid reaches the top of the silica gel. Carefully release the pressure inside the column and pour over it approximately 3,6 g (exactly weighed expression with 2 decimals) of sample dissolved in 10 ml of solvent (I) or (II), then rinse out the beaker with another 10 ml of solvent (I) or (II), and pour this also over the column. Apply the pressure progressively while allowing the liquid to flow in drops from the bottom capillary tube of the column at the approximate rate of 1 ml/min and collect this liquid in a 500 ml flask. When the level of the liquid containing the substance to be separated falls to the surface of the silica gel, carefully remove the pressure once more and add 230 ml of solvent (I) or (II), re-apply the pressure immediately and bring down the level of the liquid to the surface of the silica gel while collecting the eluate in the same flask as before. Before the level of the liquid containing the substance to be separated falls to the surface of the silica gel, check the eluate using FT-IR for the presence of aromatics. If the eluate contains only aliphatic hydrocarbons, add again 50 ml of solvent (I) or (II) after removing the pressure. Repeat this step if necessary. Reduce the collected fraction to a small volume by evaporation in a vacuum oven at 35 °C or in a vacuum rotary evaporator or similar apparatus and then transfer it without loss into a tared beaker, using more solvent (I) or (II). Evaporate the contents of the beaker in a vacuum oven at 35 °C to constant weight (W). The difference between the two last weights should not exceed 0,01 g. The time difference between the two weighings should be at least 30 minutes. The percentage of non-aromatic constituents by weight (A) is given by the following formula: A= W/W1*100 where W1 is the weight of the sample. The difference from 100 is the percentage of aromatic constituents absorbed by the silica gel. 6. Accuracy of the method Repeatability:5 %. Reproducibility: 10 %. 7. Procedure 2 (chromatography column 2) Preparation of the sample solution: dissolve approximately 0,9 g (exactly weighed) of the sample in 2,5 ml of n-pentane (I). If the sample is insoluble in n-pentane, dissolve it in cyclohexane and the determination is performed using cyclohexane (II) instead of n-pentane (I). Pack the chromatography column (chromatography column 2) with the previously activated silica gel, up to about 2,5 cm from the upper glass bulb, by carefully tamping the contents of the column with a vibrator so as not to leave any channels. Then insert a plug of glass wool in the top of the silica gel column. Pre-moisten the silica gel with 45 ml of solvent (I) or (II), and apply a pressure of air or nitrogen from above until the upper surface of the liquid reaches the top of the silica gel. Carefully release the pressure inside the column and pour over it approximately 0,9 g (exactly weighed expression with 2 decimals) of sample dissolved in 2,5 ml of solvent (I) or (II), then rinse out the beaker with another 2,5 ml of solvent (I) or (II), and pour this also over the column. Apply the pressure progressively while allowing the liquid to flow in drops from the bottom capillary tube of the column at the approximate rate of 1 ml/min and collect this liquid in a 250 ml flask. When the level of the liquid containing the substance to be separated falls to the surface of the silica gel, carefully remove the pressure once more and add 57,5 ml of solvent (I) or (II), re-apply the pressure immediately and bring down the level of the liquid to the surface of the silica gel while collecting the eluate in the same flask as before. Before the level of the liquid containing the substance to be separated falls to the surface of the silica gel, check the eluate using FT-IR for the presence of aromatics. If the eluate contains only aliphatic hydrocarbons, add again 12,5 ml of solvent (I) or (II) after removing the pressure. Repeat this step if necessary. Reduce the collected fraction to a small volume by evaporation in a vacuum oven at 35 °C or in a vacuum rotary evaporator or similar apparatus and then transfer it without loss into a tared beaker, using more solvent (I) or (II). Evaporate the contents of the beaker in a vacuum oven at 35 °C to constant weight (W). The difference between the two last weights should not exceed 0,01 g. The time difference between the two weighings should be at least 30 minutes. The percentage of non-aromatic constituents by weight (A) is given by the following formula: A= W/W1*100 where W1 is the weight of the sample. The difference from 100 is the percentage of aromatic constituents absorbed by the silica gel. 8. Accuracy of the method Repeatability: 5 %. Reproducibility: 10 %. Chromatography column 1 Chromatography column 2 Melt down, whilst constantly stirring, approximately 100 g of naphthalene in a porcelain crucible with a capacity of about 100 cm3. Introduce about 40 cm3 of the melted substance into a preheated ‘Shukoff’ flask so that it is three-quarters filled. Insert a thermometer, graduated in tenths of a degree, through a cork stopper, arranging the mercury bulb in the centre of the liquid. When the temperature has fallen almost to the crystallising point of the naphthalene (around 83 °C), induce crystallisation by continuous agitation. As soon as crystals begin to form, the column of mercury will generally stabilise and then start to fall again. The temperature at which the mercury stabilised and remained static for a certain time is noted and this temperature is taken to be the crystallising point of the naphthalene, after correction to allow for the part of the mercury column outside the flask. For a mercury thermometer, this correction is taken as being: where ‘n’ is the number of graduations of the mercury column outside the flask, ‘t’ is the noted temperature and ‘t′’ the mean temperature of the part of the mercury column that is outside the flask. ‘t′’ can be determined approximately with an auxiliary thermometer the bulb of which is placed at mid-height of the part of the column that is outside the flask. A capillary-tube thermometer ensures very high precision. The ‘Shukoff’ flask illustrated below is a glass receptacle with double walls, the space between which is evacuated: General For the interpretation of section notes 1, 2 and 3, see the HS General Explanatory Note to Section VI. General Separate chemically defined inorganic compounds, presented as a food supplement in capsules (except microcapsules), for example of gelatine, are excluded from this chapter because the presentation in capsules is a treatment that is not covered by note 1 to this chapter.