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28Chapter

23Heading

00Subheading

00CN

80TARIC

Titanium dioxide (CAS RN 13463-67-7): -|of a purity by weight of 99,9|% or more, -|with an average grain-size of 0,7|μm or more but not more than 2,1|μm

PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL OR ALLIED INDUSTRIES > INORGANIC CHEMICALS; ORGANIC OR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF PRECIOUS METALS, OF RARE-EARTH METALS, OF RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS OR OF ISOTOPES > Titanium oxides > For use in the production of white graphic inks for printing > Titanium dioxide (CAS RN 13463-67-7): -|of a purity by weight of 99,9|% or more, -|with an average grain-size of 0,7|μm or more but not more than 2,1|μm

Hierarchy

06Section VI — PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL OR ALLIED INDUSTRIES

2800000000INORGANIC CHEMICALS; ORGANIC OR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF PRECIOUS METALS, OF RARE-EARTH METALS, OF RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS OR OF ISOTOPES

2823000000Titanium oxides

2823000080For use in the production of white graphic inks for printing

2823000083Other titanium dioxides, in all forms, as titanium oxides or in pigments and preparations based on titanium dioxide, containing a minimum of 80% by weight of titanium dioxide calculated on the dry matter, having all types of particle sizes (CAS RN 12065-65-5, 13463-67-7)2823000085Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty5.500 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

5.500 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-5.5 pp	-5.5 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-5.5 pp	-5.5 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-5.5 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-5.5 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-5.5 ppESA Interim EPA	-5.5 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-5.5 ppSADC EPA	-5.5 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-5.5 pp	-5.5 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-5.5 ppEverything But Arms	-5.5 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-5.5 ppEEA Agreement	-5.5 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 2800000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872025-01-10

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

EU003According to The Special Provisions of Section II (A) (3) of the Preliminary Provisions of the Combined Nomenclature the suspension of customs duties for goods for certain categories of ships, boats and other vessels and for drilling or production platforms shall be subject to conditions laid down in the relevant provisions of the European Union with a view to customs control of the use of such goods.

TM5101. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of goods intended for incorporation in the ships, boats or other vessels classified at the following CN codes 8901 10 10; 8901 20 10; 8901 30 10; 8901 90 10; 8902 00 10; 8903 91 10; 8903 92 10; 8904 00 10; 8904 00 91; 8905 10 10; 8905 90 10; 8906 10 00; 8906 90 10 for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for fitting to or equipping such ships, boats or other vessels. 2. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of: (a) goods intended for incorporation in drilling or production platforms: (1) fixed, of subheading ex 8430 49, operating in or outside the territorial sea of Member States, or (2) floating or submersible, of subheading 8905 20, for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for equipping the said platforms. (b) tubes, pipes, cables and their connection pieces, linking these drilling or production platforms to the mainland.

Subheading declaration -end-use(1)

China

Regulation 0004/252024-07-12

1 certificate(s) required

D019Anti-dumping/countervailing document

Authorisation to use a customs procedure with economic impact/end-use within the context of an anti-dumping/countervailing measure (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Declared subheading not allowed

CD497Entry under this subheading is subject to conditions laid down in the relevant Community provisions (see Article 254 of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 269, 10.10.2013, p.1)). Annual regulation on the Combined Nomenclature: Part one - Preliminary Provisions - Section I general rules - C. General rules applicable both to nomenclature and to duties: 4. Goods eligible for favourable tariff treatment by reason of their end-use: Where the import duty applicable under the end-use arrangements to goods for a specific end-use is not lower than that which would otherwise be applicable to the goods, the said goods shall be classified in the code referring to the end-use and Article 254 of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 shall not apply.

Import control(2)

inherited from 2800000000

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

CD967I. According to Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014, it shall be prohibited to import into European Union goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol. The prohibition shall not apply in respect of goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. II. According to the Council Regulation (EU) 692/2014, the export of goods and technologies suited for use in the sectors of transport; telecommunications; energy; prospection, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources is prohibited: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Crimea or Sevastopol, or (b) for use in Crimea or Sevastopol.

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

CD860According to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263 (OJ L42I, p. 77): I. It shall be prohibited to import into the European Union goods originating in non-government controlled areas of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine. The import prohibitions not apply in respect of: (a) the execution until 24 May 2022 of trade contracts concluded before 23 February 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the natural or legal person, entity or body seeking to perform the contract has notified, at least 10 working days in advance, the activity or transaction to the competent authority of the Member State in which they are established; (b) goods originating in the specified territories which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. II. It shall be prohibited to sell, supply, transfer or export goods and technology listed in Annex II to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in the specified territories, or (b) for use in the specified territories. Annex II shall include certain goods and technologies suited for use in the following key sectors: (i) transport; (ii) telecommunications; (iii) energy; (iv) the prospecting, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources. The prohibitions in point II above shall be without prejudice to the execution until 24 August 2022 of an obligation arising from a contract concluded before 23 February 2022, or from ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the competent authority has been informed at least five working days in advance.

Import control -waste(1)

inherited from 2800000000

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 1157/242026-05-21

6 certificate(s) required

C672Other certificates

Information document accompanying shipments of waste as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 18 and Annex VII

C669Other certificates

Notification document as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 - Article 5 and Annex IA

Y923Particular provisions

Product not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

C672Other certificates

Information document accompanying shipments of waste as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 18 and Annex VII

C670Other certificates

Movement document as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 5 and Annex IB

Y923Particular provisions

Product not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

Import/export not allowed after control

CD572The wastes mentioned in Article 4 (paragraphs 1 and 2) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 shall be subject to the procedure of prior written notification and consent.

CD573The wastes mentioned in Article 4(paragraph 4) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 shall be subjected to the general information requirements laid down in Article 18 of the same Regulation, if the amount of waste shipped exceeds 20 kg.

CD574If the wastes listed in Annex III (green list) display certain hazardous characteristics, the relevant provisions shall apply as if these wastes had been listed in Annex IV (amber list). Article 4 (paragraph 2 letter e) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157.

CD577By way of derogation from Article 4(1) and (2), shipments of waste explicitly destined for laboratory aalysis or experimental treatment trials to assess either the physical or chemical characteristics of the waste or to determine its suitability for recovery or disposal shall be subject to the general information requirements laid down in Article 18 where all of the following conditions are fulfilled: (a) the quantity of waste does not exceed the quantity reasonably needed to perform the analysis or trial in each particular case, but not more than 250 kg or any larger quantity agreed on a case-by- case basis by the competent authorities of dispatch and destination and the person who arranges the shipment; (b) in the event a quantity higher than 250 kg is requested by the person who arranges the shipment, that person shall provide the information contained in Annex VII, to the extent possible, to the competent authorities of dispatch and destination together with the reasoned explanation why such a larger quantity is needed to perform the analysis or trial. Article 4 (paragraph 5) - Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

Start date: 2024-07-12

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

2823000083: Other titanium dioxides, or pigments and preparations based on titanium dioxide, containing at least 80% by weight of titanium dioxide calculated on dry matter

Classification tips

Titanium dioxide CAS RN 13463-67-7 of 99.9% or more purity by weight and average grain size of 0.7–2.1 μm, for production of white graphic inks for printing

Typical uses

production of white graphic inks for printing

Sample products

Regulatory notes

Chapter noteChapter 28 — Inorganic chemicals; Organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes

1. Except where the context otherwise requires, the headings of this chapter apply only to: (a) separate chemical elements and separate chemically defined compounds, whether or not containing impurities; (b) the products mentioned in (a) above dissolved in water; (c) the products mentioned in (a) above dissolved in other solvents provided that the solution constitutes a normal and necessary method of putting up these products adopted solely for reasons of safety or for transport and that the solvent does not render the product particularly suitable for specific use rather than for general use; (d) the products mentioned in (a), (b) or (c) above with an added stabiliser (including an anti-caking agent) necessary for their preservation or transport; (e) the products mentioned in (a), (b), (c) or (d) above with an added anti-dusting agent or a colouring substance added to facilitate their identification or for safety reasons, provided that the additions do not render the product particularly suitable for specific use rather than for general use. 2. In addition to dithionites and sulphoxylates, stabilised with organic substances (heading 2831), carbonates and peroxocarbonates of inorganic bases (heading 2836), cyanides, cyanide oxides and complex cyanides of inorganic bases (headings 2837 to 2842), and other inorganic compounds, this chapter covers: fulminates, cyanates and thiocyanates, of inorganic bases; organic compounds of headings 2843 to 2846 and 2852; and hydrogen peroxide solidified with urea (heading 2847). 3. Subject to the provisions of Note 1 to Section VI, this chapter does not cover: (a) sodium chloride or magnesium oxide, whether or not pure, or other products of Section V; (b) organo-inorganic compounds other than those mentioned in Note 2 above; (c) products mentioned in Note 2, 3, 4 or 5 to Chapter 31; (d) inorganic products of a kind used as luminophores, of heading 3206; glass frit and other glass in the form of powder, granules or flakes, of heading 3207; (e) artificial graphite (heading 3801); products put up as charges for fire-extinguishers or put up in fire-extinguishing grenades, of heading 3813; ink removers put up in packings for retail sale, of heading 3824; cultured crystals (other than optical elements) weighing not less than 2.5 g each, of heading 3824.

Non-preferential origin

tariff_shift

Titanium oxides.

CTH

tariff_shift

Titanium oxides.

CTH

Residual rule

Purification Purification is to be considered as origin conferring provided that one of the following criteria is satisfied: (a) purification of a good resulting in the elimination of 80 percent of the content of existing impurities; or (b) the reduction or elimination of impurities resulting in a good suitable for one or more of the following applications: (i) pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic, veterinary or food grade substances; (ii) chemical products and reagents for analytical, diagnostic or laboratory uses; (iii) elements and components for use in micro-electronics; (iv) specialized optical uses;

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Titanium dioxide (CAS RN 13463-67-7): -|of a purity by weight of 99,9|% or more, -|with an average grain-size of 0,7|μm or more but not more than 2,1|μm is 5.500 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Yes, 3 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

What products are classified under code 2823000080?

TARIC code 2823000080 (Titanium dioxide (CAS RN 13463-67-7): -|of a purity by weight of 99,9|% or more, -|with an average grain-size of 0,7|μm or more but not more than 2,1|μm) covers the following products: Titanium dioxide, CAS RN 13463-67-7, purity 99.9% by weight, average grain size 0.7–2.1 μm, for production of white graphic inks for printing, Titanium dioxide for white printing ink, CAS RN 13463-67-7, purity at least 99.9% by weight, average grain size 0.7–2.1 μm.

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Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Hierarchy

06Section VI — PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL OR ALLIED INDUSTRIES

2800000000INORGANIC CHEMICALS; ORGANIC OR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF PRECIOUS METALS, OF RARE-EARTH METALS, OF RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS OR OF ISOTOPES

2823000000Titanium oxides

2823000080For use in the production of white graphic inks for printing

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty5.500 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

5.500 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-5.5 pp	-5.5 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-5.5 pp	-5.5 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-5.5 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-5.5 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-5.5 ppESA Interim EPA	-5.5 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-5.5 ppSADC EPA	-5.5 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-5.5 pp	-5.5 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-5.5 ppEverything But Arms	-5.5 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-5.5 ppEEA Agreement	-5.5 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 2800000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872025-01-10

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

Subheading declaration -end-use(1)

China

Regulation 0004/252024-07-12

1 certificate(s) required

D019Anti-dumping/countervailing document

Authorisation to use a customs procedure with economic impact/end-use within the context of an anti-dumping/countervailing measure (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Declared subheading not allowed

Import control(2)

inherited from 2800000000

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

Import control -waste(1)

inherited from 2800000000

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 1157/242026-05-21

6 certificate(s) required

C672Other certificates

Information document accompanying shipments of waste as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 18 and Annex VII

C669Other certificates

Notification document as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 - Article 5 and Annex IA

Y923Particular provisions

Product not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

C672Other certificates

Information document accompanying shipments of waste as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 18 and Annex VII

C670Other certificates

Movement document as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 5 and Annex IB

Y923Particular provisions

Product not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

Import/export not allowed after control

CD572The wastes mentioned in Article 4 (paragraphs 1 and 2) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 shall be subject to the procedure of prior written notification and consent.

Start date: 2024-07-12

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

2823000083: Other titanium dioxides, or pigments and preparations based on titanium dioxide, containing at least 80% by weight of titanium dioxide calculated on dry matter

Classification tips

Titanium dioxide CAS RN 13463-67-7 of 99.9% or more purity by weight and average grain size of 0.7–2.1 μm, for production of white graphic inks for printing

Typical uses

production of white graphic inks for printing

Sample products

Regulatory notes

Chapter noteChapter 28 — Inorganic chemicals; Organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes

Non-preferential origin

tariff_shift

Titanium oxides.

CTH

tariff_shift

Titanium oxides.

CTH

Residual rule

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Yes, 3 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

What products are classified under code 2823000080?

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Keywords

titanium dioxide for white printing ink · TiO₂ for printing inks · white printing ink raw material · titanium dioxide · purity by weight of 99.9% or more · average grain size of 0.7 μm to 2.1 μm · production of white graphic inks for printing · CAS RN 13463-67-7

Section noteNotes to Section VI — Products of the chemical or allied industries

1. (A) Products (other than radioactive ores) answering to a description in heading 2844 or 2845 are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of the Nomenclature. (B) Subject to paragraph (A) above, products answering to a description in heading 2843, 2846 or 2852 are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of this Section. 2. Subject to Note 1 above, products classifiable in heading 3004, 3005, 3006, 3212, 3303, 3304, 3305, 3306, 3307, 3506, 3707 or 3808 by reason of being put up in measured doses or for retail sale are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of the Nomenclature. 3. Goods put up in sets consisting of two or more separate constituents, some or all of which fall in this Section and are intended to be mixed together to obtain a product of Section VI or VII, are to be classified in the heading appropriate to that product, provided that the constituents are: (a) having regard to the manner in which they are put up, clearly identifiable as being intended for use together without first being repacked; (b) presented together; and (c) identifiable, whether by their nature or by the relative proportions in which they are present, as being complementary one to another.

Non-preferential origin rules for Titanium dioxide (CAS RN 13463-67-7): -|of a purity by weight of 99,9|% or more, -|with an average grain-size of 0,7|μm or more but not more than 2,1|μm are defined in Annex 22-01 of the UCC Delegated Act. These rules determine the country of origin for MFN duty rates, trade policy measures, and origin marking.

Can TARIC code 2823000080 be used on a customs declaration?

Yes, TARIC code 2823000080 (Titanium dioxide (CAS RN 13463-67-7): -|of a purity by weight of 99,9|% or more, -|with an average grain-size of 0,7|μm or more but not more than 2,1|μm) is a declarable code. It can be used directly on EU customs import and export declarations (Single Administrative Document).

Trade Statistics

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€2.83/kg

Export €/kg

€3.82/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

4,575

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€208.5M	84.7Mt	€2.46/kg	65.0%
2	🇰🇷 South Korea	€40.1M	14.9Mt	€2.70/kg	12.5%
3	🇯🇵 Japan	€31.6M	4.2Mt	€7.48/kg	9.9%
4	🇨🇦 Canada	€30.2M	7.2Mt	€4.19/kg	9.4%
5	🇺🇸 United States	€7.7M	1.0Mt	€7.67/kg	2.4%
6	🇮🇳 India	€2.6M	1.2Mt	€2.18/kg	0.8%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€105.0M	26.8Mt	€3.92/kg	41.2%
2	🇮🇳 India	€72.2M	18.8Mt	€3.85/kg	28.3%
3	🇨🇳 China	€30.8M	7.4Mt	€4.18/kg	12.1%
4	🇲🇽 Mexico	€27.4M	9.5Mt	€2.90/kg	10.7%
5	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€19.8M	4.4Mt	€4.55/kg	7.8%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€2.83/kg

Export €/kg

€3.82/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

4,575

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€208.5M	84.7Mt	€2.46/kg	65.0%
2	🇰🇷 South Korea	€40.1M	14.9Mt	€2.70/kg	12.5%
3	🇯🇵 Japan	€31.6M	4.2Mt	€7.48/kg	9.9%
4	🇨🇦 Canada	€30.2M	7.2Mt	€4.19/kg	9.4%
5	🇺🇸 United States	€7.7M	1.0Mt	€7.67/kg	2.4%
6	🇮🇳 India	€2.6M	1.2Mt	€2.18/kg	0.8%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€105.0M	26.8Mt	€3.92/kg	41.2%
2	🇮🇳 India	€72.2M	18.8Mt	€3.85/kg	28.3%
3	🇨🇳 China	€30.8M	7.4Mt	€4.18/kg	12.1%
4	🇲🇽 Mexico	€27.4M	9.5Mt	€2.90/kg	10.7%
5	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€19.8M	4.4Mt	€4.55/kg	7.8%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis