Hierarchy

06Section VI — PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL OR ALLIED INDUSTRIES

2922000000Oxygen-function amino-compounds

2922410000Amino-acids, other than those containing more than one kind of oxygen function, and their esters; salts thereof

2922490000Other

2922498500Other

7 other codes

2922498543(E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate (CAS RN 1690340-79-4) with a purity by weight of 98 % or more

6 other codes

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty6.500 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

6.500 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-6.5 pp	-6.5 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-6.5 pp	-6.5 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-6.5 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-6.5 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-6.5 ppESA Interim EPA	-6.5 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-6.5 ppSADC EPA	-6.5 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-6.5 pp	-6.5 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-6.5 ppEverything But Arms	-6.5 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-6.5 ppEEA Agreement	-6.5 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Autonomous tariff suspension(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %Regulation 2605/252026-01-01

Except:RU(Russia)BY(Belarus)

TM861The suspension of the autonomous Common Customs Tariff duties for the agricultural and industrial products, listed in the Annex of Regulation (EU) 2021/2278, does not apply to any mixtures, preparations or products made up of different components containing these products. Article 1 paragraph 2 of Regulation (EU) 2021/2278

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 2900000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872022-07-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

EU003According to The Special Provisions of Section II (A) (3) of the Preliminary Provisions of the Combined Nomenclature the suspension of customs duties for goods for certain categories of ships, boats and other vessels and for drilling or production platforms shall be subject to conditions laid down in the relevant provisions of the European Union with a view to customs control of the use of such goods.

TM5101. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of goods intended for incorporation in the ships, boats or other vessels classified at the following CN codes 8901 10 10; 8901 20 10; 8901 30 10; 8901 90 10; 8902 00 10; 8903 91 10; 8903 92 10; 8904 00 10; 8904 00 91; 8905 10 10; 8905 90 10; 8906 10 00; 8906 90 10 for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for fitting to or equipping such ships, boats or other vessels. 2. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of: (a) goods intended for incorporation in drilling or production platforms: (1) fixed, of subheading ex 8430 49, operating in or outside the territorial sea of Member States, or (2) floating or submersible, of subheading 8905 20, for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for equipping the said platforms. (b) tubes, pipes, cables and their connection pieces, linking these drilling or production platforms to the mainland.

Import control(4)

inherited from 2922000000

Belarus

Regulation 0765/062025-02-25

4 certificate(s) required

Y727Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 3)

Y728Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 4)

L152Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 10 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

Y870Particular provisions

Goods entered the territory of the customs union of the EU and presented to customs authorities prior to the entry into force or to applicability date of the present sanction, whichever is latest (see Article 8f of Regulation (EU) No 765/2006)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD925It shall be prohibited to purchase, import, or transfer into the Union, directly or indirectly, goods which allow Belarus to diversify its sources of revenue, thereby enabling its involvement in the Russian aggression against Ukraine, as listed in Annex XXVII, if they originate in Belarus or are exported from Belarus. Article 1ra - Regulation (EU) 765/2006 (COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) 2024/1865)

Russia

Regulation 0833/142023-12-19

4 certificate(s) required

L142Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 3i paragraph 3c of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y874Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 3i.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 do not apply (see exemptions in article 3i.3aa)

L143Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 12b.2 of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y859Particular provisions

Import not allowed

CD875It shall be prohibited to purchase, import, or transfer, directly or indirectly, goods which generate significant revenues for Russia thereby enabling its actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine, as listed in Annex XXI into the Union if they originate in Russia or are exported from Russia. With regard to the goods listed in Part B of Annex XXI, the prohibitions in paragraph 1 shall not apply to the execution until 8 January 2023 of contracts concluded before 7 October 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts. By way of derogation from paragraphs 1, the competent authorities may authorise the purchase, import or transfer of the goods listed in Annex XXI, or the provision of related technical and financial assistance, under such conditions as they deem appropriate, after having determined that this is necessary for the establishment, operation, maintenance, fuel supply and retreatment and safety of civil nuclear capabilities, and the continuation of design, construction and commissioning required for the completion of civil nuclear facilities, the supply of precursor material for the production of medical radioisotopes and similar medical applications, or critical technology for environmental radiation monitoring, as well as for civil nuclear cooperation, in particular in the field of research and development. Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 - Article 3i (Council regulation (EU) 2022/576)

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

CD967I. According to Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014, it shall be prohibited to import into European Union goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol. The prohibition shall not apply in respect of goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. II. According to the Council Regulation (EU) 692/2014, the export of goods and technologies suited for use in the sectors of transport; telecommunications; energy; prospection, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources is prohibited: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Crimea or Sevastopol, or (b) for use in Crimea or Sevastopol.

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

CD860According to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263 (OJ L42I, p. 77): I. It shall be prohibited to import into the European Union goods originating in non-government controlled areas of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine. The import prohibitions not apply in respect of: (a) the execution until 24 May 2022 of trade contracts concluded before 23 February 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the natural or legal person, entity or body seeking to perform the contract has notified, at least 10 working days in advance, the activity or transaction to the competent authority of the Member State in which they are established; (b) goods originating in the specified territories which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. II. It shall be prohibited to sell, supply, transfer or export goods and technology listed in Annex II to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in the specified territories, or (b) for use in the specified territories. Annex II shall include certain goods and technologies suited for use in the following key sectors: (i) transport; (ii) telecommunications; (iii) energy; (iv) the prospecting, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources. The prohibitions in point II above shall be without prejudice to the execution until 24 August 2022 of an obligation arising from a contract concluded before 23 February 2022, or from ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the competent authority has been informed at least five working days in advance.

Import control -REACH(1)

inherited from 2922498500

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 1907/062023-02-10

3 certificate(s) required

Y106Particular provisions

Compliance with the REACH restrictions defined in Column 2 of Annex XVII of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006

Y110Particular provisions

Exemption from REACH restrictions by virtue of Article 67(1) and 67(2) of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006

Y113Particular provisions

Substance/mixture not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (Annex XVII)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD730A substance for which Annex XVII contains a restriction shall not be imported unless it complies with the conditions of that restriction. This shall not apply to the manufacture, placing on the market or use of a substance in scientific research and development. Annex XVII shall specify if the restriction shall not apply to product and process orientated research and development, as well as the maximum quantity exempted. The restrictions shall not apply to the use of substances in cosmetic products, as defined by Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products (repealing the Directive 76/768/EEC), with regard to restrictions addressing the risks to human health within the scope of that regulation. (Article 67 points 1 and 2 of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006).

CHM00023REACH - Annex XVII - Entry 23

CHM00028REACH - Annex XVII - Entry 28

Veterinary control(4)

inherited from 2922490000

All third countries

Regulation 0632/212024-08-01

Except:NO(Norway)LI(Liechtenstein)SM(San Marino)CH(Switzerland)AD(Andorra)IS(Iceland)GL(Greenland)FO(Faroe Islands)

19 certificate(s) required

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y058Particular provisions

Exemption by virtue of Article 7 of Commission Delegated Regulation 2019/2122 (Goods which form part of passengers' personal luggage and are intended for personal consumption or use) or Article 10 (small consignments of goods sent to natural persons which are not intended to be placed on the market) of Commission Delegated Regulation 2019/2122

Y170Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y171Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y174Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y175Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Liechtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y176Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y177Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y170Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y171Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y174Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y175Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Liechtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y176Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y177Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

Import/export not allowed after control

CD624The import of the products of animal origin is subject to the presentation of a Common Health Entry Document for products of animal origin (CHED–P) in accordance with the conditions laid down in article 40 of the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 of 30 September 2019 laying down rules for the functioning of the information management system for official controls and its system components (‘the IMSOC Regulation’).

CD686Small consignments of goods (sent to natural persons which are not intended to be placed on the market) or goods, which form part of passengers’ personal luggage (intended for personal consumption or use) shall not be subjected to Official controls, by virtue of Articles 10 and 7 of Commission delegated regulation 2019/2122.

CD737Articles 3 and 4 of the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/2122 establishes that some “animals intended for scientific purposes” and all the “research and diagnostic samples”, if authorised by the competent authority of the Member State of destination, shall be exempted from official controls at border control posts.

European Union

Regulation 0632/212023-11-14

21 certificate(s) required

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y058Particular provisions

Y072Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y073Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y076Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y077Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Lichtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y078Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y079Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y151Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin coming from outermost regions, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y072Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y073Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y076Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y077Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Lichtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y078Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y079Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y151Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin coming from outermost regions, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

Import/export not allowed after control

CD644Derogations to the presentation of a Common Veterinary Entry Document apply to goods with EU origin returning from certain third countries, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Faroe Islands

Regulation 0632/212024-08-01

EU-Faroe Islands FTA(since 1997)

19 certificate(s) required

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y058Particular provisions

Y170Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y171Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y174Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y175Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Liechtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y176Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y177Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y170Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y171Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y174Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y175Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Liechtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y176Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y177Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

Import/export not allowed after control

Greenland

Regulation 0632/212024-08-01

19 certificate(s) required

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y058Particular provisions

Y170Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y171Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y174Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y175Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Liechtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y176Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y177Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y170Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y171Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y174Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y175Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Liechtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y176Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y177Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

Import/export not allowed after control

Start date: 2022-07-01

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

2922498560: ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate with CAS RN 10287-53-3 is stated.
2922498553: (S)-ethyl 3-amino-3-phenylpropanoate hemi((2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate) is stated.

Classification tips

(E)-ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate with CAS RN 1690340-79-4 is stated.

Sample products

(E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate, CAS RN 1690340-79-4, purity 98 % by weight

Regulatory notes

Additional noteAdditional Notes to Chapter 29

1. Unless the context otherwise requires, the headings of this chapter include only: (a) separate chemically defined organic compounds, whether or not containing impurities; (b) mixtures of two or more isomers of the same organic compound, whether or not containing impurities. 2. For the purposes of subheadings 2932 12 and 2932 13, the expression '2-furaldehyde (furfuraldehyde)' includes hydroxymethylfurfural. 3. Subheadings 2933 61, 2933 69 10 and 2933 69 90 do not include the separate isomers of melamine (cyanuramide), ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid, which are classified under heading 2933 69 10 or 2933 69 90. 4. For the purposes of subheading 2934 10, 'compounds containing an unfused thiazole ring (whether or not hydrogenated) in the structure' includes compounds containing two or more thiazole ring systems which are not fused to each other and where no other ring system is present.

Chapter note

Non-preferential origin

tariff_shift

Oxygen-function amino-compounds.

CTSH

tariff_shift

Oxygen-function amino-compounds.

CTSH

Residual rule

Purification Purification is to be considered as origin conferring provided that one of the following criteria is satisfied: (a) purification of a good resulting in the elimination of 80 percent of the content of existing impurities; or (b) the reduction or elimination of impurities resulting in a good suitable for one or more of the following applications: (i) pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic, veterinary or food grade substances; (ii) chemical products and reagents for analytical, diagnostic or laboratory uses; (iii) elements and components for use in micro-electronics; (iv) specialized optical uses; (v) biotechnical use (e.g., in cell culturing, in genetic technology, or as a catalyst); (vi) carriers used in a separation process; or (vii) nuclear grade uses.

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for (E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate (CAS RN 1690340-79-4) with a purity by weight of 98 % or more (2922498543)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for (E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate (CAS RN 1690340-79-4) with a purity by weight of 98 % or more is 6.500 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for (E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate (CAS RN 1690340-79-4) with a purity by weight of 98 % or more (2922498543)?

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for (E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate (CAS RN 1690340-79-4) with a purity by weight of 98 % or more (2922498543)?

Yes, 5 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

What products are classified under code 2922498543?

TARIC code 2922498543 ((E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate (CAS RN 1690340-79-4) with a purity by weight of 98 % or more) covers the following products: (E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate, CAS RN 1690340-79-4, purity 98 % by weight, (E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate, CAS RN 1690340-79-4, purity at least 98 % by weight.

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Hierarchy

06Section VI — PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL OR ALLIED INDUSTRIES

2900000000ORGANIC CHEMICALS

2922000000Oxygen-function amino-compounds

2922410000Amino-acids, other than those containing more than one kind of oxygen function, and their esters; salts thereof

2922490000Other

2922498500Other

7 other codes

2922498543(E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate (CAS RN 1690340-79-4) with a purity by weight of 98 % or more

6 other codes

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty6.500 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

6.500 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-6.5 pp	-6.5 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-6.5 pp	-6.5 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-6.5 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-6.5 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-6.5 ppESA Interim EPA	-6.5 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-6.5 ppSADC EPA	-6.5 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-6.5 pp	-6.5 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-6.5 ppEverything But Arms	-6.5 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-6.5 ppEEA Agreement	-6.5 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Autonomous tariff suspension(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %Regulation 2605/252026-01-01

Except:RU(Russia)BY(Belarus)

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 2900000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872022-07-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

Import control(4)

inherited from 2922000000

Belarus

Regulation 0765/062025-02-25

4 certificate(s) required

Y727Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 3)

Y728Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 4)

L152Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 10 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

Y870Particular provisions

Import/export not allowed after control

Russia

Regulation 0833/142023-12-19

4 certificate(s) required

L142Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 3i paragraph 3c of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y874Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 3i.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 do not apply (see exemptions in article 3i.3aa)

L143Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 12b.2 of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y859Particular provisions

Import not allowed

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

Import control -REACH(1)

inherited from 2922498500

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 1907/062023-02-10

3 certificate(s) required

Y106Particular provisions

Compliance with the REACH restrictions defined in Column 2 of Annex XVII of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006

Y110Particular provisions

Exemption from REACH restrictions by virtue of Article 67(1) and 67(2) of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006

Y113Particular provisions

Substance/mixture not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (Annex XVII)

Import/export not allowed after control

CHM00023REACH - Annex XVII - Entry 23

CHM00028REACH - Annex XVII - Entry 28

Veterinary control(4)

inherited from 2922490000

All third countries

Regulation 0632/212024-08-01

Except:NO(Norway)LI(Liechtenstein)SM(San Marino)CH(Switzerland)AD(Andorra)IS(Iceland)GL(Greenland)FO(Faroe Islands)

19 certificate(s) required

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y058Particular provisions

Y170Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y171Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y174Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y175Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Liechtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y176Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y177Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y170Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y171Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y174Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y175Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Liechtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y176Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y177Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

Import/export not allowed after control

European Union

Regulation 0632/212023-11-14

21 certificate(s) required

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y058Particular provisions

Y072Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y073Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y076Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y077Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Lichtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y078Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y079Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y151Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin coming from outermost regions, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y072Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y073Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y076Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y077Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Lichtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y078Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y079Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin returning from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y151Particular provisions

Goods with EU origin coming from outermost regions, according to the relevant EU legislation

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

Import/export not allowed after control

CD644Derogations to the presentation of a Common Veterinary Entry Document apply to goods with EU origin returning from certain third countries, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Faroe Islands

Regulation 0632/212024-08-01

EU-Faroe Islands FTA(since 1997)

19 certificate(s) required

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y058Particular provisions

Y170Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y171Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y174Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y175Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Liechtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y176Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y177Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y170Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y171Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y174Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y175Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Liechtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y176Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y177Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

Import/export not allowed after control

Greenland

Regulation 0632/212024-08-01

19 certificate(s) required

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y058Particular provisions

Y170Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y171Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y174Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y175Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Liechtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y176Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y177Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

N853UN/EDIFACT certificate

Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))

Y170Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Andorra, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y171Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Switzerland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y174Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Iceland, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y175Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Liechtenstein, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y176Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from Norway, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y177Particular provisions

Goods with third country origin coming from San Marino, according to the relevant EU legislation.

Y930Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/632

C084Other certificates

Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).

Import/export not allowed after control

Start date: 2022-07-01

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

2922498560: ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate with CAS RN 10287-53-3 is stated.
2922498553: (S)-ethyl 3-amino-3-phenylpropanoate hemi((2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate) is stated.

Classification tips

(E)-ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate with CAS RN 1690340-79-4 is stated.

Sample products

(E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate, CAS RN 1690340-79-4, purity 98 % by weight

Regulatory notes

Additional noteAdditional Notes to Chapter 29

Chapter note

Non-preferential origin

tariff_shift

Oxygen-function amino-compounds.

CTSH

tariff_shift

Oxygen-function amino-compounds.

CTSH

Residual rule

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for (E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate (CAS RN 1690340-79-4) with a purity by weight of 98 % or more (2922498543)?

Are there tariff preferences for (E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate (CAS RN 1690340-79-4) with a purity by weight of 98 % or more (2922498543)?

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for (E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate (CAS RN 1690340-79-4) with a purity by weight of 98 % or more (2922498543)?

Yes, 5 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

What products are classified under code 2922498543?

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

1. Except where the context otherwise requires, the headings of this chapter apply only to: (a) separate chemically defined organic compounds, whether or not containing impurities; (b) mixtures of two or more isomers of the same organic compound (whether or not containing impurities), except mixtures of acyclic hydrocarbon isomers (other than stereoisomers), whether or not saturated (Chapter 27). 2. This chapter does not cover: (a) goods of heading 1504 or crude glycerol of heading 1520; (b) ethyl alcohol (heading 2207 or 2208); (c) methane or propane (heading 2711); (d) the compounds of carbon mentioned in Note 2 to Chapter 28; (e) immunological products (heading 3002); (f) urea (heading 3102 or 3105); (g) colouring matter of vegetable or animal origin (heading 3203), synthetic organic colouring matter, synthetic organic products of a kind used as fluorescent brightening agents or as luminophores (heading 3204), or dyes or other colouring matter put up in forms or packings for retail sale (heading 3212); (h) enzymes (heading 3507); (ij) metaldehyde, hexamethylenetetramine or similar substances, put up in forms (for example, tablets, sticks or similar forms) for use as fuels, or liquid or liquefied-gas fuels in containers of a kind used for filling or refilling cigarette or similar lighters and of a capacity not exceeding 300 cm3 (heading 3606); (k) products put up as charges for fire-extinguishers or put up in fire-extinguishing grenades, of heading 3813; ink removers put up in packings for retail sale, of heading 3824. 3. Goods which could be classified in two or more headings of this chapter are to be classified in the heading which occurs last in numerical order among those which equally merit consideration.

Section noteNotes to Section VI — Products of the chemical or allied industries

1. (A) Products (other than radioactive ores) answering to a description in heading 2844 or 2845 are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of the Nomenclature. (B) Subject to paragraph (A) above, products answering to a description in heading 2843, 2846 or 2852 are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of this Section. 2. Subject to Note 1 above, products classifiable in heading 3004, 3005, 3006, 3212, 3303, 3304, 3305, 3306, 3307, 3506, 3707 or 3808 by reason of being put up in measured doses or for retail sale are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of the Nomenclature. 3. Goods put up in sets consisting of two or more separate constituents, some or all of which fall in this Section and are intended to be mixed together to obtain a product of Section VI or VII, are to be classified in the heading appropriate to that product, provided that the constituents are: (a) having regard to the manner in which they are put up, clearly identifiable as being intended for use together without first being repacked; (b) presented together; and (c) identifiable, whether by their nature or by the relative proportions in which they are present, as being complementary one to another.

What are the non-preferential origin rules for (E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate (CAS RN 1690340-79-4) with a purity by weight of 98 % or more (2922498543)?

Non-preferential origin rules for (E)-Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoate maleate (CAS RN 1690340-79-4) with a purity by weight of 98 % or more are defined in Annex 22-01 of the UCC Delegated Act. These rules determine the country of origin for MFN duty rates, trade policy measures, and origin marking.

Trade Statistics

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

€0

Import €/kg

€5.56/kg

Export €/kg

€4.81/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

3,273

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€1.8B	693.8Mt	€2.64/kg	43.3%
2	🇸🇬 Singapore	€1.5B	770Kt	€1.9K/kg	35.0%
3	🇮🇳 India	€455.6M	13.6Mt	€33.44/kg	10.8%
4	🇺🇸 United States	€235.3M	55.4Mt	€4.25/kg	5.6%
5	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€229.6M	6.0Mt	€38.07/kg	5.4%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€552.4M	85.9Mt	€6.43/kg	51.8%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€166.2M	73.3Mt	€2.27/kg	15.6%
3	🇨🇳 China	€114.1M	16.7Mt	€6.82/kg	10.7%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€107.9M	20.9Mt	€5.18/kg	10.1%
5	🇹🇷 Turkey	€102.0M	33.4Mt	€3.05/kg	9.6%
6	🇪🇬 Egypt	€24.4M	1.1Mt	€21.19/kg	2.3%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

€0

Import €/kg

€5.56/kg

Export €/kg

€4.81/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

3,273

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€1.8B	693.8Mt	€2.64/kg	43.3%
2	🇸🇬 Singapore	€1.5B	770Kt	€1.9K/kg	35.0%
3	🇮🇳 India	€455.6M	13.6Mt	€33.44/kg	10.8%
4	🇺🇸 United States	€235.3M	55.4Mt	€4.25/kg	5.6%
5	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€229.6M	6.0Mt	€38.07/kg	5.4%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€552.4M	85.9Mt	€6.43/kg	51.8%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€166.2M	73.3Mt	€2.27/kg	15.6%
3	🇨🇳 China	€114.1M	16.7Mt	€6.82/kg	10.7%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€107.9M	20.9Mt	€5.18/kg	10.1%
5	🇹🇷 Turkey	€102.0M	33.4Mt	€3.05/kg	9.6%
6	🇪🇬 Egypt	€24.4M	1.1Mt	€21.19/kg	2.3%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis