Origin

EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006

0.000 %-6.5 pp

EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007

0.000 %-6.5 pp

CARIFORUM1033

0.000 %-6.5 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA

Eastern and Southern Africa States1034

0.000 %-6.5 ppESA Interim EPA

SADC EPA1035

0.000 %-6.5 ppSADC EPA

Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000

0.000 %-6.5 pp

GSP-EBA2005

0.000 %-6.5 ppEverything But Arms

GSP Standard2020

0.000 %-6.5 ppGeneralised Scheme of Preferences

Hierarchy

06Section VI — PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL OR ALLIED INDUSTRIES

3800000000MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

3824000000Prepared binders for foundry moulds or cores; chemical products and preparations of the chemical or allied industries (including those consisting of mixtures of natural products), not elsewhere specified or included

3824810000Goods specified in subheading note 3|to this chapter

3824820000Containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) or polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs)

3824820010preparation containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

3824820020preparation containing hexabromobiphenyl (CAS 36355-01-8)3824820090Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty6.500 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

6.500 %

Preferential rates(59)

+49

Preferential rates - 59 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-6.5 pp	-6.5 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-6.5 pp	-6.5 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-6.5 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-6.5 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-6.5 ppESA Interim EPA	-6.5 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-6.5 ppSADC EPA	-6.5 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-6.5 pp	-6.5 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-6.5 ppEverything But Arms	-6.5 pp	Everything But Arms
GSP Standard2020 0.000 %-6.5 ppGeneralised Scheme of Preferences	-6.5 pp	Generalised Scheme of Preferences

Airworthiness tariff suspension(1)

inherited from 3824000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 1517/182018-11-01

1 certificate(s) required

C119Other certificates

Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1 (Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012), or equivalent certificate

Measure not applicable

CD333The autonomous Common Customs Tariff duties laid down in Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 for parts, components and other goods of a kind to be incorporated in or used for aircraft and parts thereof in the course of their manufacture, repair, maintenance, rebuilding, modification or conversion is suspended. In order to benefit from the suspension, the declarant shall present to the customs authorities an Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1, as set out in Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, or an equivalent certificate. The certificates which are deemed to be equivalent to Authorised Release Certificates are listed in Annex II to the Regulation (EU) 2018/1517.

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 3800000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

inherited from 3824820000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872016-07-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

EU003According to The Special Provisions of Section II (A) (3) of the Preliminary Provisions of the Combined Nomenclature the suspension of customs duties for goods for certain categories of ships, boats and other vessels and for drilling or production platforms shall be subject to conditions laid down in the relevant provisions of the European Union with a view to customs control of the use of such goods.

TM5101. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of goods intended for incorporation in the ships, boats or other vessels classified at the following CN codes 8901 10 10; 8901 20 10; 8901 30 10; 8901 90 10; 8902 00 10; 8903 91 10; 8903 92 10; 8904 00 10; 8904 00 91; 8905 10 10; 8905 90 10; 8906 10 00; 8906 90 10 for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for fitting to or equipping such ships, boats or other vessels. 2. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of: (a) goods intended for incorporation in drilling or production platforms: (1) fixed, of subheading ex 8430 49, operating in or outside the territorial sea of Member States, or (2) floating or submersible, of subheading 8905 20, for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for equipping the said platforms. (b) tubes, pipes, cables and their connection pieces, linking these drilling or production platforms to the mainland.

Import control(4)

inherited from 3824000000

Belarus

Regulation 0765/062025-02-25

4 certificate(s) required

Y727Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 3)

Y728Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 4)

L152Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 10 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

Y870Particular provisions

Goods entered the territory of the customs union of the EU and presented to customs authorities prior to the entry into force or to applicability date of the present sanction, whichever is latest (see Article 8f of Regulation (EU) No 765/2006)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD925It shall be prohibited to purchase, import, or transfer into the Union, directly or indirectly, goods which allow Belarus to diversify its sources of revenue, thereby enabling its involvement in the Russian aggression against Ukraine, as listed in Annex XXVII, if they originate in Belarus or are exported from Belarus. Article 1ra - Regulation (EU) 765/2006 (COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) 2024/1865)

Russia

Regulation 0833/142023-12-19

4 certificate(s) required

L142Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 3i paragraph 3c of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y874Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 3i.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 do not apply (see exemptions in article 3i.3aa)

L143Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 12b.2 of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y859Particular provisions

Import not allowed

CD875It shall be prohibited to purchase, import, or transfer, directly or indirectly, goods which generate significant revenues for Russia thereby enabling its actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine, as listed in Annex XXI into the Union if they originate in Russia or are exported from Russia. With regard to the goods listed in Part B of Annex XXI, the prohibitions in paragraph 1 shall not apply to the execution until 8 January 2023 of contracts concluded before 7 October 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts. By way of derogation from paragraphs 1, the competent authorities may authorise the purchase, import or transfer of the goods listed in Annex XXI, or the provision of related technical and financial assistance, under such conditions as they deem appropriate, after having determined that this is necessary for the establishment, operation, maintenance, fuel supply and retreatment and safety of civil nuclear capabilities, and the continuation of design, construction and commissioning required for the completion of civil nuclear facilities, the supply of precursor material for the production of medical radioisotopes and similar medical applications, or critical technology for environmental radiation monitoring, as well as for civil nuclear cooperation, in particular in the field of research and development. Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 - Article 3i (Council regulation (EU) 2022/576)

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

CD967I. According to Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014, it shall be prohibited to import into European Union goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol. The prohibition shall not apply in respect of goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. II. According to the Council Regulation (EU) 692/2014, the export of goods and technologies suited for use in the sectors of transport; telecommunications; energy; prospection, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources is prohibited: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Crimea or Sevastopol, or (b) for use in Crimea or Sevastopol.

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

CD860According to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263 (OJ L42I, p. 77): I. It shall be prohibited to import into the European Union goods originating in non-government controlled areas of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine. The import prohibitions not apply in respect of: (a) the execution until 24 May 2022 of trade contracts concluded before 23 February 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the natural or legal person, entity or body seeking to perform the contract has notified, at least 10 working days in advance, the activity or transaction to the competent authority of the Member State in which they are established; (b) goods originating in the specified territories which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. II. It shall be prohibited to sell, supply, transfer or export goods and technology listed in Annex II to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in the specified territories, or (b) for use in the specified territories. Annex II shall include certain goods and technologies suited for use in the following key sectors: (i) transport; (ii) telecommunications; (iii) energy; (iv) the prospecting, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources. The prohibitions in point II above shall be without prejudice to the execution until 24 August 2022 of an obligation arising from a contract concluded before 23 February 2022, or from ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the competent authority has been informed at least five working days in advance.

Import control -waste(1)

inherited from 3824820000

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 1157/242026-05-21

6 certificate(s) required

C672Other certificates

Information document accompanying shipments of waste as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 18 and Annex VII

C669Other certificates

Notification document as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 - Article 5 and Annex IA

Y923Particular provisions

Product not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

C672Other certificates

Information document accompanying shipments of waste as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 18 and Annex VII

C670Other certificates

Movement document as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 5 and Annex IB

Y923Particular provisions

Product not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

Import/export not allowed after control

CD572The wastes mentioned in Article 4 (paragraphs 1 and 2) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 shall be subject to the procedure of prior written notification and consent.

CD573The wastes mentioned in Article 4(paragraph 4) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 shall be subjected to the general information requirements laid down in Article 18 of the same Regulation, if the amount of waste shipped exceeds 20 kg.

CD574If the wastes listed in Annex III (green list) display certain hazardous characteristics, the relevant provisions shall apply as if these wastes had been listed in Annex IV (amber list). Article 4 (paragraph 2 letter e) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157.

CD577By way of derogation from Article 4(1) and (2), shipments of waste explicitly destined for laboratory aalysis or experimental treatment trials to assess either the physical or chemical characteristics of the waste or to determine its suitability for recovery or disposal shall be subject to the general information requirements laid down in Article 18 where all of the following conditions are fulfilled: (a) the quantity of waste does not exceed the quantity reasonably needed to perform the analysis or trial in each particular case, but not more than 250 kg or any larger quantity agreed on a case-by- case basis by the competent authorities of dispatch and destination and the person who arranges the shipment; (b) in the event a quantity higher than 250 kg is requested by the person who arranges the shipment, that person shall provide the information contained in Annex VII, to the extent possible, to the competent authorities of dispatch and destination together with the reasoned explanation why such a larger quantity is needed to perform the analysis or trial. Article 4 (paragraph 5) - Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

Import control -persistent organic pollutants (POP)(1)

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 1021/192024-02-15

2 certificate(s) required

Y112Particular provisions

Exemption from the restriction by virtue of Article 4.1(a) of Regulation (EU) 2019/1021

Y111Particular provisions

Compliance with the exemptions to the prohibition, as defined in Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2019/1021

Import/export not allowed after control

CD733Exemptions from prohibitions shall apply to the import of a substance used for laboratory-scale research or as a reference standard, and of a substance occurring as an unintentional trace contaminant, as specified in the relevant entries of Annex I, in substances, mixtures or articles. (Article 4 paragraph 1 of Regulation (EU) 2019/1021)

Import control -REACH(1)

inherited from 3824820000

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 1907/062023-02-10

3 certificate(s) required

Y106Particular provisions

Compliance with the REACH restrictions defined in Column 2 of Annex XVII of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006

Y110Particular provisions

Exemption from REACH restrictions by virtue of Article 67(1) and 67(2) of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006

Y113Particular provisions

Substance/mixture not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (Annex XVII)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD730A substance for which Annex XVII contains a restriction shall not be imported unless it complies with the conditions of that restriction. This shall not apply to the manufacture, placing on the market or use of a substance in scientific research and development. Annex XVII shall specify if the restriction shall not apply to product and process orientated research and development, as well as the maximum quantity exempted. The restrictions shall not apply to the use of substances in cosmetic products, as defined by Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products (repealing the Directive 76/768/EEC), with regard to restrictions addressing the risks to human health within the scope of that regulation. (Article 67 points 1 and 2 of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006).

CHM00001REACH - Annex XVII - Entry 1

CHM00008REACH - Annex XVII - Entry 8

CHM00009REACH - Annex XVII - Entry 9

Start date: 2024-02-15

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

3824820020: The preparation contains hexabromobiphenyl (CAS 36355-01-8).
3824820090: The goods fall under “Other”.

Classification tips

The preparation contains polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

Sample products

Chemical preparation containing PCBs

CJEU Case Law

Regulatory notes

NENC3824Prepared binders for foundry moulds or cores; chemical products and preparations of the chemical or allied industries (including those consisting of mixtures of natural products), not elsewhere specified or included

Chapter noteChapter 38 — Miscellaneous chemical products

1. This chapter does not cover: (a) separate chemically defined elements or compounds with the exception of the following: artificial graphite (heading 3801); insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, herbicides, anti-sprouting products and plant-growth regulators, disinfectants and similar products put up as described in heading 3808; products put up as charges for fire-extinguishers or put up in fire-extinguishing grenades (heading 3813); certified reference materials specified in Note 2 below; products specified in Note 3(a) or 3(c) below; (b) mixtures of chemicals with foodstuffs or other substances with nutritive value, of a kind used in the preparation of human foodstuffs (generally heading 2106); (c) slag, ash and residues (including sludges, other than sewage sludge), containing metals, arsenic or their mixtures and meeting the requirements of Note 3(a) or 3(b) to Chapter 26 (heading 2620); (d) medicaments (heading 3003 or 3004); or (e) spent catalysts of a kind used for the extraction of base metals or for the manufacture of chemical compounds of base metals (heading 2620), spent catalysts of a kind used principally for the recovery of precious metal (heading 7112) or catalysts consisting of metals or metal alloys in the form of, for example, finely divided powder or woven gauze (Section XIV or XV). 2. (A) For the purposes of heading 3822, the expression 'certified reference materials' means reference materials which are accompanied by a certificate which indicates the values of the certified properties, the methods used to determine these values and the degree of certainty associated with each value, and which are suitable for analytical, calibrating or referencing purposes. 3. Heading 3824 includes the following goods which are not to be classified in any other heading of the Nomenclature: (a) cultured crystals (other than optical elements) weighing not less than 2.5 g each, of magnesium oxide or of alkali or alkaline-earth metal halides; (b) fusel oils; Dippel's oil; (c) ink removers put up in packings for retail sale; (d) stencil correctors, other correcting fluids and correction tapes (other than those of heading 9612), put up in packings for retail sale; (e) ceramic firing testers, fusible.

Non-preferential origin

split_heading

Prepared binders for foundry moulds or cores; chemical products and preparations of the chemical or allied industries (including those consisting of mixtures of natural products), not elsewhere specified or included

As specified for split headings

specific

As specified for split headings

Residual rule

Where the country of origin cannot be determined by application of the primar y rules and the other

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for preparation containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (3824820010)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for preparation containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is 6.500 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for preparation containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (3824820010)?

Yes, 56 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for preparation containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (3824820010)?

Yes, 7 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

What products are classified under code 3824820010?

TARIC code 3824820010 (preparation containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) covers the following products: Chemical preparation containing PCBs, Preparation containing polychlorinated biphenyls.

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C-822/19

3 Jun 2021

Direcţia Generală Regională a Finanţelor Publice Braşov and Agenţia Naţională de Administrare Fiscală - Direcţia Generală a Vămilor - Direcţia Regională Vamală Braşov - Biroul Vamal de Interior Sibiu v Flavourstream SRL

On those grounds, the Court (Ninth Chamber) hereby rules: The Combined Nomenclature set out in Annex I to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff, in the version resulting from Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1101/2014 of 16 October 2014, must be interpreted as meaning that an aqueous solution obtained by thermal decomposition of dextrose, composed in particular of water-soluble aldehydes and ketones, does not come either under subheading 17029095 of that nomenclature, which covers inter alia invert sugar and other sugar and sugar syrup blends with fructose content, in the dry state, of 50% by weight, not classified under other subheadings of heading 1702 of that nomenclature, or under subheading 29124900 thereof, which refers to ‘other’ aldehyde-alcohols, aldehyde-ethers, aldehyde-phenols and aldehydes with other oxygen function, but under subheading 38249092 of that nomenclature, which refers to ‘Chemical products or preparations, predominantly composed of organic compounds, not elsewhere specified or included’, ‘in the form of a liquid at 20 °C’, provided that any potential nutritive value of that solution is merely incidental to that solution’s function as a chemical product and food additive. [Signatures] ( *1 ) Language of the case: Romanian.

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€876K	3Kt	€270.61/kg	96.0%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€13K	155	€82.66/kg	1.4%
3	🇨🇳 China	€12K	221	€54.30/kg	1.3%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€6K	13	€479.23/kg	0.7%
5	🇭🇰 Hong Kong	€5K	46	€104.48/kg	0.5%
6	🇹🇼 Taiwan	€538	8	€67.25/kg	0.1%
7	🇹🇭 Thailand	€461	50	€9.22/kg	0.1%

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇰🇷 South Korea	€512K	66	€7.8K/kg	35.9%
2	🇺🇸 United States	€342K	1Kt	€282.67/kg	24.0%
3	🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates	€226K	658	€342.98/kg	15.8%
4	🇯🇵 Japan	€159K	1Kt	€152.09/kg	11.1%
5	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€140K	63Kt	€2.23/kg	9.8%
6	🇮🇳 India	€47K	931	€50.59/kg	3.3%

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€876K	3Kt	€270.61/kg	96.0%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€13K	155	€82.66/kg	1.4%
3	🇨🇳 China	€12K	221	€54.30/kg	1.3%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€6K	13	€479.23/kg	0.7%
5	🇭🇰 Hong Kong	€5K	46	€104.48/kg	0.5%
6	🇹🇼 Taiwan	€538	8	€67.25/kg	0.1%
7	🇹🇭 Thailand	€461	50	€9.22/kg	0.1%

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇰🇷 South Korea	€512K	66	€7.8K/kg	35.9%
2	🇺🇸 United States	€342K	1Kt	€282.67/kg	24.0%
3	🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates	€226K	658	€342.98/kg	15.8%
4	🇯🇵 Japan	€159K	1Kt	€152.09/kg	11.1%
5	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€140K	63Kt	€2.23/kg	9.8%
6	🇮🇳 India	€47K	931	€50.59/kg	3.3%

preparation containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Hierarchy

Duties & Measures

Description & Classification

Regulatory notes

Non-preferential origin

FAQ

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Hierarchy

Duties & Measures

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

CJEU Case Law

Regulatory notes

Non-preferential origin

FAQ

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Trade Statistics

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Export markets

EU Member States

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Export markets

EU Member States

CJEU Case Law