Hierarchy

07Section VII — PLASTICS AND ARTICLES THEREOF

4000000000RUBBER AND ARTICLES THEREOF

4016000000Other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber

4016910000Other

4016990000Other

4016999100Other

4016999100Rubber-to-metal bonded parts

4016999190Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty2.500 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

2.500 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-2.5 pp	-2.5 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-2.5 pp	-2.5 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-2.5 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-2.5 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-2.5 ppESA Interim EPA	-2.5 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-2.5 ppSADC EPA	-2.5 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-2.5 pp	-2.5 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-2.5 ppEverything But Arms	-2.5 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-2.5 ppEEA Agreement	-2.5 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Airworthiness tariff suspension(1)

inherited from 4016000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 1517/182018-11-01

1 certificate(s) required

C119Other certificates

Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1 (Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012), or equivalent certificate

Measure not applicable

CD333The autonomous Common Customs Tariff duties laid down in Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 for parts, components and other goods of a kind to be incorporated in or used for aircraft and parts thereof in the course of their manufacture, repair, maintenance, rebuilding, modification or conversion is suspended. In order to benefit from the suspension, the declarant shall present to the customs authorities an Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1, as set out in Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, or an equivalent certificate. The certificates which are deemed to be equivalent to Authorised Release Certificates are listed in Annex II to the Regulation (EU) 2018/1517.

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 4000000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

inherited from 4016999100

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872016-07-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

EU003According to The Special Provisions of Section II (A) (3) of the Preliminary Provisions of the Combined Nomenclature the suspension of customs duties for goods for certain categories of ships, boats and other vessels and for drilling or production platforms shall be subject to conditions laid down in the relevant provisions of the European Union with a view to customs control of the use of such goods.

TM5101. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of goods intended for incorporation in the ships, boats or other vessels classified at the following CN codes 8901 10 10; 8901 20 10; 8901 30 10; 8901 90 10; 8902 00 10; 8903 91 10; 8903 92 10; 8904 00 10; 8904 00 91; 8905 10 10; 8905 90 10; 8906 10 00; 8906 90 10 for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for fitting to or equipping such ships, boats or other vessels. 2. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of: (a) goods intended for incorporation in drilling or production platforms: (1) fixed, of subheading ex 8430 49, operating in or outside the territorial sea of Member States, or (2) floating or submersible, of subheading 8905 20, for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for equipping the said platforms. (b) tubes, pipes, cables and their connection pieces, linking these drilling or production platforms to the mainland.

Import control(4)

inherited from 4016000000

Belarus

Regulation 0765/062026-04-24

5 certificate(s) required

Y727Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 3)

Y728Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 4)

Y770Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see contractual exemptions in article 1ra.9e)

L152Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 10 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

Y870Particular provisions

Goods entered the territory of the customs union of the EU and presented to customs authorities prior to the entry into force or to applicability date of the present sanction, whichever is latest (see Article 8f of Regulation (EU) No 765/2006)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD925It shall be prohibited to purchase, import, or transfer into the Union, directly or indirectly, goods which allow Belarus to diversify its sources of revenue, thereby enabling its involvement in the Russian aggression against Ukraine, as listed in Annex XXVII, if they originate in Belarus or are exported from Belarus. Article 1ra - Regulation (EU) 765/2006 (COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) 2024/1865)

Russia

Regulation 0833/142026-07-26

4 certificate(s) required

L142Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 3i paragraph 3c of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y874Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 3i.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 do not apply (see exemptions in article 3i.3aa)

L143Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 12b.2 of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y859Particular provisions

Import not allowed

CD868It shall be prohibited to purchase, import, or transfer, directly or indirectly, goods which generate significant revenues for Russia thereby enabling its actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine, as listed in Annex XXI into the Union if they originate in Russia or are exported from Russia. By way of derogation from paragraphs 1, the competent authorities may authorise the purchase, import or transfer of the goods listed in Annex XXI, or the provision of related technical and financial assistance, under such conditions as they deem appropriate, after having determined that this is necessary for the establishment, operation, maintenance, fuel supply and retreatment and safety of civil nuclear capabilities, and the continuation of design, construction and commissioning required for the completion of civil nuclear facilities, the supply of precursor material for the production of medical radioisotopes and similar medical applications, or critical technology for environmental radiation monitoring, as well as for civil nuclear cooperation, in particular in the field of research and development. Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 - Article 3i (Council regulation (EU) 2022/576)

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

CD967I. According to Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014, it shall be prohibited to import into European Union goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol. The prohibition shall not apply in respect of goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. II. According to the Council Regulation (EU) 692/2014, the export of goods and technologies suited for use in the sectors of transport; telecommunications; energy; prospection, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources is prohibited: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Crimea or Sevastopol, or (b) for use in Crimea or Sevastopol.

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

CD860According to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263 (OJ L42I, p. 77): I. It shall be prohibited to import into the European Union goods originating in non-government controlled areas of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine. The import prohibitions not apply in respect of: (a) the execution until 24 May 2022 of trade contracts concluded before 23 February 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the natural or legal person, entity or body seeking to perform the contract has notified, at least 10 working days in advance, the activity or transaction to the competent authority of the Member State in which they are established; (b) goods originating in the specified territories which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. II. It shall be prohibited to sell, supply, transfer or export goods and technology listed in Annex II to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in the specified territories, or (b) for use in the specified territories. Annex II shall include certain goods and technologies suited for use in the following key sectors: (i) transport; (ii) telecommunications; (iii) energy; (iv) the prospecting, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources. The prohibitions in point II above shall be without prejudice to the execution until 24 August 2022 of an obligation arising from a contract concluded before 23 February 2022, or from ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the competent authority has been informed at least five working days in advance.

Import control -restricted goods & technologies(1)

inherited from 4016999100

North Korea

Regulation 1509/172017-09-01

1 certificate(s) required

Y920Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure

Import/export not allowed after control

CD995If the declared goods are described in the footnotes linked to the measure, export/import is not allowed.

DU317Goods 8A002o from the dual use list.

Start date: 2006-01-01

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

4016999110: For technical uses, for use in civil aircraft

Classification tips

Rubber-to-metal bonded parts not described as technical-use articles for use in civil aircraft

Sample products

Rubber-to-metal bonded part of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber and metal, not for civil aircraft

Regulatory notes

NENC4016Other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber

Chapter noteChapter 40 — Rubber and articles thereof

1. Except where the context otherwise requires, throughout the Nomenclature the expression 'rubber' means the following products, whether or not vulcanised or hard: natural rubber, balata, gutta-percha, guayule, chicle and similar natural gums, synthetic rubber, factice derived from oils, and such substances reclaimed. 2. This chapter does not cover: (a) goods of Section XI (textile materials and textile articles); (b) footwear or parts of footwear of Chapter 64; (c) headgear or parts thereof (including bathing caps) of Chapter 65; (d) mechanical or electrical appliances or parts thereof of Section XVI (including electrical goods of all kinds), of hard rubber; (e) articles of Chapters 90, 92, 94 or 96; (f) articles of Chapter 95 (other than sports gloves, mittens and mitts and articles of headings 4011 to 4013). 3. In headings 4001 to 4003 and heading 4005, the expression 'primary forms' applies only to the following forms: (a) liquids and pastes (including latex, whether or not pre-vulcanised, and other dispersions and solutions); (b) blocks of irregular shape, lumps, bales, powders, granules, crumbs and similar bulk forms. 4. In Note 1 to this chapter and in heading 4002, the expression 'synthetic rubber' applies to: (a) unsaturated synthetic substances which can be irreversibly transformed by vulcanisation with sulphur into non-thermoplastic substances which, at a temperature between 18 and 29 degrees Celsius, will not break on being extended to three times their original length and will return, after being extended to twice their original length, within a period of five minutes, to a length not greater than one and a half times their original length. For the purposes of this test, substances necessary for the cross-linking, such as vulcanising activators or accelerators, may be added; the presence of substances as provided for by Note 5(B)(ii) and (iii) is also permitted. However, the presence of any substances not necessary for the cross-linking, such as extenders, plasticisers and fillers, is not permitted; (b) thioplasts (TM); (c) natural rubber modified by grafting or mixing with plastics, depolymerised natural rubber, mixtures of unsaturated synthetic substances with saturated synthetic high polymers provided that all the above-mentioned products comply with the requirements concerning vulcanisation, elongation and recovery in (a) above.

Non-preferential origin

tariff_shift

Other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber.

CTH

Residual rule

Where the country of origin cannot be determined by application of the primary rules and the other

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Other (4016999190)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Other is 2.500 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Other (4016999190)?

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Other (4016999190)?

Yes, 5 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Other (4016999190)?

164 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 4016999190?

TARIC code 4016999190 (Other) covers the following products: Rubber-to-metal bonded part of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber and metal, not for civil aircraft, Rubber-to-metal bonded component of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber, other.

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Hierarchy

07Section VII — PLASTICS AND ARTICLES THEREOF

4000000000RUBBER AND ARTICLES THEREOF

4016000000Other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber

4016910000Other

4016990000Other

4016999100Other

4016999100Rubber-to-metal bonded parts

4016999190Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty2.500 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

2.500 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-2.5 pp	-2.5 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-2.5 pp	-2.5 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-2.5 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-2.5 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-2.5 ppESA Interim EPA	-2.5 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-2.5 ppSADC EPA	-2.5 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-2.5 pp	-2.5 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-2.5 ppEverything But Arms	-2.5 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-2.5 ppEEA Agreement	-2.5 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Airworthiness tariff suspension(1)

inherited from 4016000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 1517/182018-11-01

1 certificate(s) required

C119Other certificates

Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1 (Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012), or equivalent certificate

Measure not applicable

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 4000000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

inherited from 4016999100

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872016-07-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

Import control(4)

inherited from 4016000000

Belarus

Regulation 0765/062026-04-24

5 certificate(s) required

Y727Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 3)

Y728Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 4)

Y770Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see contractual exemptions in article 1ra.9e)

L152Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 10 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

Y870Particular provisions

Import/export not allowed after control

Russia

Regulation 0833/142026-07-26

4 certificate(s) required

L142Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 3i paragraph 3c of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y874Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 3i.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 do not apply (see exemptions in article 3i.3aa)

L143Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 12b.2 of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y859Particular provisions

Import not allowed

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

Import control -restricted goods & technologies(1)

inherited from 4016999100

North Korea

Regulation 1509/172017-09-01

1 certificate(s) required

Y920Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure

Import/export not allowed after control

CD995If the declared goods are described in the footnotes linked to the measure, export/import is not allowed.

DU317Goods 8A002o from the dual use list.

Start date: 2006-01-01

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

4016999110: For technical uses, for use in civil aircraft

Classification tips

Rubber-to-metal bonded parts not described as technical-use articles for use in civil aircraft

Sample products

Rubber-to-metal bonded part of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber and metal, not for civil aircraft

Associated BTIs

Regulatory notes

NENC4016Other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber

Chapter noteChapter 40 — Rubber and articles thereof

Non-preferential origin

tariff_shift

Other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber.

CTH

Residual rule

Where the country of origin cannot be determined by application of the primary rules and the other

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Other (4016999190)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Other is 2.500 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Other (4016999190)?

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Other (4016999190)?

Yes, 5 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Other (4016999190)?

164 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 4016999190?

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Synonyms

rubber-to-metal bonded part, rubber-metal composite part, metal-rubber bonded component

Materials

vulcanised rubber other than hard rubberrubber-to-metal bonded

Keywords

rubber-to-metal bonded part · rubber-metal composite part · metal-rubber bonded component · vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber · rubber-to-metal bonded · part

Section noteNotes to Section VII — Plastics and articles thereof; Rubber and articles thereof

1. Goods put up in sets consisting of two or more separate constituents, some or all of which fall in this Section and are intended to be mixed together to obtain a product of Section VI or VII, are to be classified in the heading appropriate to that product, provided that the constituents are: (a) having regard to the manner in which they are put up, clearly identifiable as being intended for use together without first being repacked; (b) presented together; and (c) identifiable, whether by their nature or by the relative proportions in which they are present, as being complementary one to another. 2. Except for the goods of heading 3918 or 3919, plastics, rubber, and articles thereof, printed with motifs, characters or pictorial representations, which are not merely incidental to the primary use of the goods, fall in Chapter 49.

What are the non-preferential origin rules for Other (4016999190)?

Non-preferential origin rules for Other are defined in Annex 22-01 of the UCC Delegated Act. These rules determine the country of origin for MFN duty rates, trade policy measures, and origin marking.

Can TARIC code 4016999190 be used on a customs declaration?

Yes, TARIC code 4016999190 (Other) is a declarable code. It can be used directly on EU customs import and export declarations (Single Administrative Document).

Trade Statistics

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€5.02/kg

Export €/kg

€20.41/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

3,083

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€441.2M	132.8Mt	€3.32/kg	47.1%
2	🇹🇷 Turkey	€226.0M	43.1Mt	€5.24/kg	24.1%
3	🇺🇸 United States	€113.4M	6.7Mt	€16.89/kg	12.1%
4	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€84.3M	5.1Mt	€16.62/kg	9.0%
5	🇮🇳 India	€72.7M	12.1Mt	€6.00/kg	7.7%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€254.6M	9.5Mt	€26.75/kg	31.1%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€172.6M	12.0Mt	€14.41/kg	21.1%
3	🇨🇳 China	€167.3M	6.3Mt	€26.63/kg	20.4%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€136.2M	6.6Mt	€20.59/kg	16.6%
5	🇮🇳 India	€88.7M	4.7Mt	€18.97/kg	10.8%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€5.02/kg

Export €/kg

€20.41/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

3,083

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€441.2M	132.8Mt	€3.32/kg	47.1%
2	🇹🇷 Turkey	€226.0M	43.1Mt	€5.24/kg	24.1%
3	🇺🇸 United States	€113.4M	6.7Mt	€16.89/kg	12.1%
4	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€84.3M	5.1Mt	€16.62/kg	9.0%
5	🇮🇳 India	€72.7M	12.1Mt	€6.00/kg	7.7%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€254.6M	9.5Mt	€26.75/kg	31.1%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€172.6M	12.0Mt	€14.41/kg	21.1%
3	🇨🇳 China	€167.3M	6.3Mt	€26.63/kg	20.4%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€136.2M	6.6Mt	€20.59/kg	16.6%
5	🇮🇳 India	€88.7M	4.7Mt	€18.97/kg	10.8%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis