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48Chapter

10Heading

31Subheading

00CN

00TARIC

Bleached uniformly throughout the mass and of which more than 95|% by weight of the total fibre content consists of wood fibres obtained by a chemical process, and weighing 150|g/m$2|or less

PULP OF WOOD OR OF OTHER FIBROUS CELLULOSIC MATERIAL > PAPER AND PAPERBOARD; ARTICLES OF PAPER PULP, OF PAPER OR OF PAPERBOARD > Paper and paperboard, coated on one or both sides with kaolin (China clay) or other inorganic substances, with or without a binder, and with no other coating, whether or not surface-coloured, surface-decorated or printed, in rolls or rectangular (including square) sheets, of any size > Kraft paper and paperboard, other than that of a kind used for writing, printing or other graphic purposes > Bleached uniformly throughout the mass and of which more than 95|% by weight of the total fibre content consists of wood fibres obtained by a chemical process, and weighing 150|g/m$2|or less

Hierarchy

10Section X — PULP OF WOOD OR OF OTHER FIBROUS CELLULOSIC MATERIAL

4800000000PAPER AND PAPERBOARD; ARTICLES OF PAPER PULP, OF PAPER OR OF PAPERBOARD

4810000000Paper and paperboard, coated on one or both sides with kaolin (China clay) or other inorganic substances, with or without a binder, and with no other coating, whether or not surface-coloured, surface-decorated or printed, in rolls or rectangular (including square) sheets, of any size

4810310000Kraft paper and paperboard, other than that of a kind used for writing, printing or other graphic purposes

4810310000Bleached uniformly throughout the mass and of which more than 95|% by weight of the total fibre content consists of wood fibres obtained by a chemical process, and weighing 150|g/m$2|or less

4810320000Bleached uniformly throughout the mass and of which more than 95|% by weight of the total fibre content consists of wood fibres obtained by a chemical process, and weighing more than 150|g/m$2 4810390000Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty0.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

0.000 %

Preferential rates(2)

Preferential rates - 2 Origin
Origin	Rate	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
United Kingdom 0.000 %EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement	0.000 %	—	EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
United States 0.000 %	0.000 %	—	—	1

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 4800000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872016-07-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

EU003According to The Special Provisions of Section II (A) (3) of the Preliminary Provisions of the Combined Nomenclature the suspension of customs duties for goods for certain categories of ships, boats and other vessels and for drilling or production platforms shall be subject to conditions laid down in the relevant provisions of the European Union with a view to customs control of the use of such goods.

TM5101. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of goods intended for incorporation in the ships, boats or other vessels classified at the following CN codes 8901 10 10; 8901 20 10; 8901 30 10; 8901 90 10; 8902 00 10; 8903 91 10; 8903 92 10; 8904 00 10; 8904 00 91; 8905 10 10; 8905 90 10; 8906 10 00; 8906 90 10 for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for fitting to or equipping such ships, boats or other vessels. 2. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of: (a) goods intended for incorporation in drilling or production platforms: (1) fixed, of subheading ex 8430 49, operating in or outside the territorial sea of Member States, or (2) floating or submersible, of subheading 8905 20, for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for equipping the said platforms. (b) tubes, pipes, cables and their connection pieces, linking these drilling or production platforms to the mainland.

Import control(4)

inherited from 4810000000

Belarus

Regulation 0765/062025-02-25

4 certificate(s) required

Y727Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 3)

Y728Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 4)

L152Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 10 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

Y870Particular provisions

Goods entered the territory of the customs union of the EU and presented to customs authorities prior to the entry into force or to applicability date of the present sanction, whichever is latest (see Article 8f of Regulation (EU) No 765/2006)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD925It shall be prohibited to purchase, import, or transfer into the Union, directly or indirectly, goods which allow Belarus to diversify its sources of revenue, thereby enabling its involvement in the Russian aggression against Ukraine, as listed in Annex XXVII, if they originate in Belarus or are exported from Belarus. Article 1ra - Regulation (EU) 765/2006 (COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) 2024/1865)

Russia

Regulation 0833/142023-12-19

4 certificate(s) required

L142Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 3i paragraph 3c of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y874Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 3i.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 do not apply (see exemptions in article 3i.3aa)

L143Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 12b.2 of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y859Particular provisions

Import not allowed

CD875It shall be prohibited to purchase, import, or transfer, directly or indirectly, goods which generate significant revenues for Russia thereby enabling its actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine, as listed in Annex XXI into the Union if they originate in Russia or are exported from Russia. With regard to the goods listed in Part B of Annex XXI, the prohibitions in paragraph 1 shall not apply to the execution until 8 January 2023 of contracts concluded before 7 October 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts. By way of derogation from paragraphs 1, the competent authorities may authorise the purchase, import or transfer of the goods listed in Annex XXI, or the provision of related technical and financial assistance, under such conditions as they deem appropriate, after having determined that this is necessary for the establishment, operation, maintenance, fuel supply and retreatment and safety of civil nuclear capabilities, and the continuation of design, construction and commissioning required for the completion of civil nuclear facilities, the supply of precursor material for the production of medical radioisotopes and similar medical applications, or critical technology for environmental radiation monitoring, as well as for civil nuclear cooperation, in particular in the field of research and development. Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 - Article 3i (Council regulation (EU) 2022/576)

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

CD967I. According to Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014, it shall be prohibited to import into European Union goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol. The prohibition shall not apply in respect of goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. II. According to the Council Regulation (EU) 692/2014, the export of goods and technologies suited for use in the sectors of transport; telecommunications; energy; prospection, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources is prohibited: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Crimea or Sevastopol, or (b) for use in Crimea or Sevastopol.

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

CD860According to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263 (OJ L42I, p. 77): I. It shall be prohibited to import into the European Union goods originating in non-government controlled areas of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine. The import prohibitions not apply in respect of: (a) the execution until 24 May 2022 of trade contracts concluded before 23 February 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the natural or legal person, entity or body seeking to perform the contract has notified, at least 10 working days in advance, the activity or transaction to the competent authority of the Member State in which they are established; (b) goods originating in the specified territories which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. II. It shall be prohibited to sell, supply, transfer or export goods and technology listed in Annex II to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in the specified territories, or (b) for use in the specified territories. Annex II shall include certain goods and technologies suited for use in the following key sectors: (i) transport; (ii) telecommunications; (iii) energy; (iv) the prospecting, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources. The prohibitions in point II above shall be without prejudice to the execution until 24 August 2022 of an obligation arising from a contract concluded before 23 February 2022, or from ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the competent authority has been informed at least five working days in advance.

Import control -timber FLEGT(1)

inherited from 4810000000

Indonesia

Decision 0284/142018-03-01

3 certificate(s) required

C690Other certificates

FLEGT import licence for timber

C631Other certificates

Formal letter validating the use of non-wooden or recycled materials for paper products, issued by the Ministry of Industry of the FLEGT VPA partner country from which the paper products are originating

Y057Particular provisions

Goods not requiring the presentation of a FLEGT import licence for timber

Import/export not allowed after control

CD631If the product is mentioned in the list annexed to Regulation (EC) 2173/2005 and not mentioned in Annexes A, B and C of Regulation (EC) No. 338/97 (CITES) and its last amendments, a FLEGT import authorisation must be presented for the release for free circulation. Timber and timber products dispatched to EU from a country not partner in a FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) are not considered FLEGT goods and consequently are exempted of presenting a FLEGT licence

CD703Paper products originating from non-wooden or recycled material are accompanied by a formal letter from the Indonesian Ministry of Industry validating the use of non-wooden or recycled materials. Such products will not be FLEGT licenced.

CD731Certificate Y057 shall be declared for imports of timber products originating in Indonesia in the following cases: • Ex goods that are not included in the Annex of Regulation 2016/1387 • Goods with origin Indonesia but dispatched from another third country (except for goods dispatched from countries with a stable FLEGT licence system) • Goods of a non-commercial nature

Start date: 1972-01-01

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

4810390000: Kraft paper or paperboard not meeting the expressly specified characteristics

Classification tips

bleached uniformly throughout the mass, more than 95% by weight chemically processed wood fibres and weighing 150 g/m² or less

Sample products

Kaolin-coated kraft paper, in rolls, bleached uniformly throughout the mass, more than 95% by weight chemically processed wood fibres, 150 g/m²

Regulatory notes

Additional noteAdditional Notes to Chapter 48

1. For the purposes of this chapter, except where the context otherwise requires, a reference to 'paper' includes references to paperboard (irrespective of thickness or weight per m2). 2. For the purposes of subheading 4802 20, 'paper and paperboard of a kind used as a base for photo-sensitive, heat-sensitive or electro-sensitive paper or paperboard' means paper and paperboard manufactured mainly from bleached pulp fibres and weighing 65 g/m2 or more but not more than 250 g/m2, having a surface of a kind suitable for coating with a photographic emulsion. 3. For the purposes of heading 4805, 'fluting paper' means paper which, when humidified by wetting, is used for the production of corrugated paper or paperboard and which: (a) in the case of semi-chemical fluting, is obtained from pulp of which not less than 65 % by weight of the total fibre content consists of unbleached hardwood fibres obtained by a combination of mechanical and chemical pulping, and has a CMT 30 (Corrugating Medium Test with 30 minutes conditioning) crush resistance exceeding 1.8 Newtons/g/m2 at 50 % relative humidity, at 23 degrees C; (b) in the case of other fluting (straw fluting, recycled fluting), is obtained from pulp the composition of which has not been specified and has a CMT 30 crush resistance exceeding 1.4 Newtons/g/m2 at 50 % relative humidity, at 23 degrees C.

Chapter note

Non-preferential origin

tariff_shift

Paper and paperboard, coated on one or both sides with kaolin (China clay) or other inorganic substances, with or without a binder, and with no other coating, whether or not surface- coloured, surface-decorated or printed, in rolls or sheets.

CTH

tariff_shift

CTH

Residual rule

Where the country of origin cannot be determined by application of the primary rules and the other

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Bleached uniformly throughout the mass and of which more than 95|% by weight of the total fibre content consists of wood fibres obtained by a chemical process, and weighing 150|g/m$2|or less (4810310000)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Bleached uniformly throughout the mass and of which more than 95|% by weight of the total fibre content consists of wood fibres obtained by a chemical process, and weighing 150|g/m$2|or less is 0.000 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Bleached uniformly throughout the mass and of which more than 95|% by weight of the total fibre content consists of wood fibres obtained by a chemical process, and weighing 150|g/m$2|or less (4810310000)?

Yes, 2 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Bleached uniformly throughout the mass and of which more than 95|% by weight of the total fibre content consists of wood fibres obtained by a chemical process, and weighing 150|g/m$2|or less (4810310000)?

Yes, 5 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

What products are classified under code 4810310000?

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Hierarchy

10Section X — PULP OF WOOD OR OF OTHER FIBROUS CELLULOSIC MATERIAL

4800000000PAPER AND PAPERBOARD; ARTICLES OF PAPER PULP, OF PAPER OR OF PAPERBOARD

4810310000Kraft paper and paperboard, other than that of a kind used for writing, printing or other graphic purposes

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty0.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

0.000 %

Preferential rates(2)

Preferential rates - 2 Origin
Origin	Rate	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
United Kingdom 0.000 %EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement	0.000 %	—	EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
United States 0.000 %	0.000 %	—	—	1

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 4800000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872016-07-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

Import control(4)

inherited from 4810000000

Belarus

Regulation 0765/062025-02-25

4 certificate(s) required

Y727Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 3)

Y728Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 4)

L152Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 10 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

Y870Particular provisions

Import/export not allowed after control

Russia

Regulation 0833/142023-12-19

4 certificate(s) required

L142Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 3i paragraph 3c of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y874Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 3i.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 do not apply (see exemptions in article 3i.3aa)

L143Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 12b.2 of Council Regulation (EU) 833/2014

Y859Particular provisions

Import not allowed

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

Import control -timber FLEGT(1)

inherited from 4810000000

Indonesia

Decision 0284/142018-03-01

3 certificate(s) required

C690Other certificates

FLEGT import licence for timber

C631Other certificates

Y057Particular provisions

Goods not requiring the presentation of a FLEGT import licence for timber

Import/export not allowed after control

Start date: 1972-01-01

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

4810390000: Kraft paper or paperboard not meeting the expressly specified characteristics

Classification tips

bleached uniformly throughout the mass, more than 95% by weight chemically processed wood fibres and weighing 150 g/m² or less

Sample products

Kaolin-coated kraft paper, in rolls, bleached uniformly throughout the mass, more than 95% by weight chemically processed wood fibres, 150 g/m²

Regulatory notes

Additional noteAdditional Notes to Chapter 48

Chapter note

Non-preferential origin

tariff_shift

CTH

tariff_shift

CTH

Residual rule

Where the country of origin cannot be determined by application of the primary rules and the other

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

Yes, 2 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Yes, 5 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

What products are classified under code 4810310000?

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

1. For the purposes of this chapter, except where the context otherwise requires, the term 'paper' includes paperboard (irrespective of thickness or weight per m2). 2. This chapter does not cover: (a) articles of Chapter 30 (e.g., diagnostic reagents on a backing of paper); (b) stamping foils of heading 3212; (c) perfumed papers or papers impregnated or coated with cosmetics (Chapter 33); (d) paper or cellulose wadding impregnated, coated or covered with soap or detergent (heading 3401), or with polishes, creams or similar preparations (heading 3405); (e) sensitised paper or paperboard of headings 3701 to 3704; (f) paper impregnated with diagnostic or laboratory reagents (heading 3822); (g) paper-reinforced stratified plastics, or one layer of paper or paperboard coated or covered on both sides with plastics, the layer of paper or paperboard serving merely as reinforcement, and articles thereof (Chapter 39); (h) articles of heading 4202 (travel goods); (ij) articles of Chapter 46 (manufactures of plaiting materials); (k) paper yarn and textile articles of paper yarn (Section XI); (l) articles of Chapter 64 (footwear) or Chapter 65 (headgear); (m) abrasive paper or paperboard (heading 6805) or paper- or paperboard-backed mica (heading 6814); (n) metal foil on a backing of paper or paperboard (generally Section XIV or XV); (o) articles of heading 9209 (parts of musical instruments); (p) articles of Chapter 95 (toys, games, sports requisites); (q) articles of Chapter 96 (buttons, sanitary towels and tampons, napkins and napkin liners for babies, and similar articles). 3. Subject to the provisions of Note 7, headings 4801 to 4805 include paper and paperboard which have been subjected to calendering, super-calendering, glazing or similar finishing, false watermarking, or surface-sizing, and also paper, paperboard, cellulose wadding and webs of cellulose fibres, coloured or marbled throughout the mass by any method. Except where heading 4803 otherwise requires, these headings do not apply to paper, paperboard, cellulose wadding or webs of cellulose fibres which have been otherwise processed.

Section noteNotes to Section X — Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; Recovered (waste and scrap) paper or paperboard; Paper and paperboard and articles thereof

Section X has no Section Notes. Classification rules are governed by the Chapter Notes of Chapters 47 (Pulp), 48 (Paper and paperboard) and 49 (Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans). Key rules: Chapter 48 Note 2 defines the scope of 'paper' and 'paperboard' by weight thresholds and provides for classification of coated and laminated products. Chapter 49 covers printed matter but excludes products where printing is merely incidental to the primary use. The term 'paper' throughout the Nomenclature extends to all fibrous webs of cellulosic material.

TARIC code 4810310000 (Bleached uniformly throughout the mass and of which more than 95|% by weight of the total fibre content consists of wood fibres obtained by a chemical process, and weighing 150|g/m$2|or less) covers the following products: Kaolin-coated kraft paper, in rolls, bleached uniformly throughout the mass, more than 95% by weight chemically processed wood fibres, 150 g/m², Kraft paperboard coated on both sides with inorganic substances, rectangular sheets, bleached uniformly throughout the mass, more than 95% by weight wood fibres.

What are the non-preferential origin rules for Bleached uniformly throughout the mass and of which more than 95|% by weight of the total fibre content consists of wood fibres obtained by a chemical process, and weighing 150|g/m$2|or less (4810310000)?

Non-preferential origin rules for Bleached uniformly throughout the mass and of which more than 95|% by weight of the total fibre content consists of wood fibres obtained by a chemical process, and weighing 150|g/m$2|or less are defined in Annex 22-01 of the UCC Delegated Act. These rules determine the country of origin for MFN duty rates, trade policy measures, and origin marking.

Trade Statistics

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€2.21/kg

Export €/kg

€1.81/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

4,796

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€7.0M	3.0Mt	€2.33/kg	66.0%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€2.1M	863Kt	€2.38/kg	19.3%
3	🇨🇳 China	€693K	591Kt	€1.17/kg	6.5%
4	🇦🇺 Australia	€455K	8Kt	€56.57/kg	4.3%
5	🇰🇷 South Korea	€271K	171Kt	€1.59/kg	2.6%
6	🇮🇩 Indonesia	€93K	114Kt	€0.8159/kg	0.9%
7	🇹🇷 Turkey	€48K	28Kt	€1.71/kg	0.4%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€23.2M	10.8Mt	€2.14/kg	36.2%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€19.3M	7.6Mt	€2.53/kg	30.1%
3	🇹🇷 Turkey	€7.6M	5.4Mt	€1.40/kg	11.8%
4	🇨🇴 Colombia	€5.3M	3.5Mt	€1.52/kg	8.2%
5	🇲🇾 Malaysia	€5.0M	3.8Mt	€1.32/kg	7.8%
6	🇰🇷 South Korea	€1.9M	391Kt	€4.87/kg	3.0%
7	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€1.9M	575Kt	€3.29/kg	3.0%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€2.21/kg

Export €/kg

€1.81/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

4,796

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€7.0M	3.0Mt	€2.33/kg	66.0%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€2.1M	863Kt	€2.38/kg	19.3%
3	🇨🇳 China	€693K	591Kt	€1.17/kg	6.5%
4	🇦🇺 Australia	€455K	8Kt	€56.57/kg	4.3%
5	🇰🇷 South Korea	€271K	171Kt	€1.59/kg	2.6%
6	🇮🇩 Indonesia	€93K	114Kt	€0.8159/kg	0.9%
7	🇹🇷 Turkey	€48K	28Kt	€1.71/kg	0.4%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€23.2M	10.8Mt	€2.14/kg	36.2%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€19.3M	7.6Mt	€2.53/kg	30.1%
3	🇹🇷 Turkey	€7.6M	5.4Mt	€1.40/kg	11.8%
4	🇨🇴 Colombia	€5.3M	3.5Mt	€1.52/kg	8.2%
5	🇲🇾 Malaysia	€5.0M	3.8Mt	€1.32/kg	7.8%
6	🇰🇷 South Korea	€1.9M	391Kt	€4.87/kg	3.0%
7	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€1.9M	575Kt	€3.29/kg	3.0%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis