Hierarchy

15Section XV — BASE METALS AND ARTICLES OF BASE METAL

7600000000ALUMINIUM AND ARTICLES THEREOF

7616100000Nails, tacks, staples (other than those of heading|8305), screws, bolts, nuts, screw hooks, rivets, cotters, cotter pins, washers and similar articles

7616100091Other

7616100091For use in certain types of aircraft

7616100099Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty6.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

6.000 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-6.0 pp	-6.0 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-6.0 pp	-6.0 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-6.0 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-6.0 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-6.0 ppESA Interim EPA	-6.0 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-6.0 ppSADC EPA	-6.0 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-6.0 pp	-6.0 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-6.0 ppEverything But Arms	-6.0 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-6.0 ppEEA Agreement	-6.0 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Airworthiness tariff suspension(1)

inherited from 7616000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 1517/182018-11-01

1 certificate(s) required

C119Other certificates

Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1 (Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012), or equivalent certificate

Measure not applicable

CD333The autonomous Common Customs Tariff duties laid down in Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 for parts, components and other goods of a kind to be incorporated in or used for aircraft and parts thereof in the course of their manufacture, repair, maintenance, rebuilding, modification or conversion is suspended. In order to benefit from the suspension, the declarant shall present to the customs authorities an Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1, as set out in Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, or an equivalent certificate. The certificates which are deemed to be equivalent to Authorised Release Certificates are listed in Annex II to the Regulation (EU) 2018/1517.

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism - CBAM(1)

inherited from 7616000000

All third countries

Regulation 0956/232026-01-01

Except:CH(Switzerland)IS(Iceland)XC(XC)XL(XL)LI(Liechtenstein)NO(Norway)

11 certificate(s) required

Y128Particular provisions

CBAM account number

Y134Particular provisions

Goods originating in Büsingen, Heligoland, or Livigno (Article 2.4 of Regulation (EU) 2023/956)

Y135Particular provisions

Goods to be moved or used in the context of military activities - Exemption by virtue Article 2.(3) of Regulation (EU) 2023/956

Y237Particular provisions

Goods of EU origin (CBAM)

Y238Particular provisions

Application to obtain the status of authorised CBAM declarant has been submitted until 31 March 2026

Y128Particular provisions

CBAM account number

Y134Particular provisions

Goods originating in Büsingen, Heligoland, or Livigno (Article 2.4 of Regulation (EU) 2023/956)

Y135Particular provisions

Goods to be moved or used in the context of military activities - Exemption by virtue Article 2.(3) of Regulation (EU) 2023/956

Y137Particular provisions

De minimis exemption - Exemption by virtue Article 2a. of Regulation (EU) 2023/956

Y237Particular provisions

Goods of EU origin (CBAM)

Y238Particular provisions

Application to obtain the status of authorised CBAM declarant has been submitted until 31 March 2026

Import/export not allowed after control

CD01023Article 2a of Regulation 2023/956: An importer, including any importer with the status of an authorised CBAM declarant, shall be exempted from the obligations under this Regulation, where the net mass of the imported goods in a given calendar year does not cumulatively exceed the single mass-based threshold laid down in point 1 of Annex VII (the “single mass-based threshold”). That threshold shall apply to the total net mass of goods under all CN codes aggregated per importer and per calendar year. In such a case, the importer, including an importer with the status of an authorised CBAM declarant, shall declare that exemption in the relevant customs declaration.

CD01024CBAM obligations do not apply to goods of EU origin, and in cases where non-CBAM goods of non-EU origin are processed together with EU-origin goods under the inward processing procedure, the resulting processed CBAM goods released for free circulation shall be excluded from CBAM obligations.

CD01025Article 17.7a. of Regulation 2023/956: By way of derogation from Article 4, where an importer or an indirect customs representative has submitted an application in accordance with Article 5 by 31 March 2026, such an importer or indirect customs representative may provisionally continue to import goods until the competent authority takes a decision under this Article.

TM967Regulation (EU) 2023/956 - Article 25: Without prejudice to Article 2a, the customs authorities shall not allow the importation of goods by any person other than an authorised CBAM declarant. This Regulation shall not apply to: - goods to be moved or used in the context of military activities pursuant to Article 1, point (49), of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446, - electricity generated on the continental shelf or in the exclusive economic zone of a Member State or of a country or territory listed in points 1 and 2 of Annex III; - hydrogen originating on the continental shelf or in the exclusive economic zone of a Member State or of a country or territory listed in point 1 of Annex III.’; - an importer, where the net mass of the imported goods in a given calendar year does not cumulatively exceed the single mass-based threshold laid down in point 1 of Annex VII (the “single mass-based threshold”). Regulation (EU) 2023/956 - Article 2.4 – Scope: Regulation (EU) 2023/956 shall not apply to goods originating in the third countries and territories listed in point 1 of Annex III.

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 7600000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Preferential tariff quota(1)

inherited from 7616000000

United Kingdom

0.000 %1Regulation 0775/212025-01-01

EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement(since 2021)

1 certificate(s) required

U178Proof of origin

Proof of origin containing the following statement in English: "Origin quotas – Product originating in accordance with Annex ORIG-2A ".

Measure not applicable

CD845Subject to the presentation of a proof of origin containing the following statement in English: "Origin quotas – Product originating in accordance with Annex ORIG-2A"

Import control(3)

inherited from 7616000000

North Korea

Regulation 1509/172017-09-01

1 certificate(s) required

Y957Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the MG footnotes linked to the measure (Annex II, Part V of Reg. (EU) 2017/1509)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD972If the goods declared are described in the "MG" footnote linked to the measure import, purchase or transfer, directly or indirectly, the goods and technology listed in Annex II from the DPRK, whether or not originating in the DPRK shall be prohibited (Article 3.1.(c) of Regulation (EU) 2017/1509).

MG595Countermeasure Subsystems and Penetration Aids (e.g. jammers, chaff, decoys) designed to saturate, confuse, or evade missile defences

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

CD967I. According to Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014, it shall be prohibited to import into European Union goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol. The prohibition shall not apply in respect of goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. II. According to the Council Regulation (EU) 692/2014, the export of goods and technologies suited for use in the sectors of transport; telecommunications; energy; prospection, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources is prohibited: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Crimea or Sevastopol, or (b) for use in Crimea or Sevastopol.

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

CD860According to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263 (OJ L42I, p. 77): I. It shall be prohibited to import into the European Union goods originating in non-government controlled areas of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine. The import prohibitions not apply in respect of: (a) the execution until 24 May 2022 of trade contracts concluded before 23 February 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the natural or legal person, entity or body seeking to perform the contract has notified, at least 10 working days in advance, the activity or transaction to the competent authority of the Member State in which they are established; (b) goods originating in the specified territories which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. II. It shall be prohibited to sell, supply, transfer or export goods and technology listed in Annex II to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in the specified territories, or (b) for use in the specified territories. Annex II shall include certain goods and technologies suited for use in the following key sectors: (i) transport; (ii) telecommunications; (iii) energy; (iv) the prospecting, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources. The prohibitions in point II above shall be without prejudice to the execution until 24 August 2022 of an obligation arising from a contract concluded before 23 February 2022, or from ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the competent authority has been informed at least five working days in advance.

Start date: 1972-01-01

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

7616100091: For use in certain types of aircraft.

Classification tips

Not described as for use in certain types of aircraft.

Typical uses

Fastening articles

Sample products

Aluminium screw hooks

Regulatory notes

Chapter noteChapter 76 — Aluminium and articles thereof

For the purposes of this chapter, 'aluminium alloys' are metallic substances in which aluminium predominates by weight over each of the other elements, provided that the total content by weight of the other elements exceeds 1%. 'Unwrought aluminium' means aluminium not yet worked beyond the casting or smelting stage (ingots, billets, slabs). The chapter defines flat-rolled products, bars, rods, profiles, wire, tubes, pipes and their fittings. Aluminium foil of a thickness not exceeding 0.2 mm is classified in heading 7607. The chapter covers aluminium from unwrought forms through manufactured articles but excludes elements of heading 8544 (insulated wire) and products of Section XVI (machinery parts).

Section note

Non-preferential origin

tariff_shift

- Nails, tacks, staples (other than those of heading 8305), screws, bolts, nuts, screw hooks, rivets, cotters, cotter-pins, washers and similar articles

CTH

tariff_shift

- Nails, tacks, staples (other than those of heading 8305), screws, bolts, nuts, screw hooks, rivets, cotters, cotter-pins, washers and similar articles

CTH

Residual rule

Where the country of origin cannot be determined by application of the primary rules, the country of origin of the goods shall be the country in which the major portion of the materials originated, as determined on the basis of the value of the materials.

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Other (7616100099)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Other is 6.000 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Other (7616100099)?

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Other (7616100099)?

Yes, 3 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Other (7616100099)?

119 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 7616100099?

TARIC code 7616100099 (Other) covers the following products: Aluminium screw hooks, Aluminium cotter pins.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Hierarchy

15Section XV — BASE METALS AND ARTICLES OF BASE METAL

7600000000ALUMINIUM AND ARTICLES THEREOF

7616000000Other articles of aluminium

7616100000Nails, tacks, staples (other than those of heading|8305), screws, bolts, nuts, screw hooks, rivets, cotters, cotter pins, washers and similar articles

7616100091Other

7616100091For use in certain types of aircraft

7616100099Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty6.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

6.000 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-6.0 pp	-6.0 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-6.0 pp	-6.0 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-6.0 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-6.0 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-6.0 ppESA Interim EPA	-6.0 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-6.0 ppSADC EPA	-6.0 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-6.0 pp	-6.0 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-6.0 ppEverything But Arms	-6.0 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-6.0 ppEEA Agreement	-6.0 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Airworthiness tariff suspension(1)

inherited from 7616000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 1517/182018-11-01

1 certificate(s) required

C119Other certificates

Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1 (Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012), or equivalent certificate

Measure not applicable

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism - CBAM(1)

inherited from 7616000000

All third countries

Regulation 0956/232026-01-01

Except:CH(Switzerland)IS(Iceland)XC(XC)XL(XL)LI(Liechtenstein)NO(Norway)

11 certificate(s) required

Y128Particular provisions

CBAM account number

Y134Particular provisions

Goods originating in Büsingen, Heligoland, or Livigno (Article 2.4 of Regulation (EU) 2023/956)

Y135Particular provisions

Goods to be moved or used in the context of military activities - Exemption by virtue Article 2.(3) of Regulation (EU) 2023/956

Y237Particular provisions

Goods of EU origin (CBAM)

Y238Particular provisions

Application to obtain the status of authorised CBAM declarant has been submitted until 31 March 2026

Y128Particular provisions

CBAM account number

Y134Particular provisions

Goods originating in Büsingen, Heligoland, or Livigno (Article 2.4 of Regulation (EU) 2023/956)

Y135Particular provisions

Goods to be moved or used in the context of military activities - Exemption by virtue Article 2.(3) of Regulation (EU) 2023/956

Y137Particular provisions

De minimis exemption - Exemption by virtue Article 2a. of Regulation (EU) 2023/956

Y237Particular provisions

Goods of EU origin (CBAM)

Y238Particular provisions

Application to obtain the status of authorised CBAM declarant has been submitted until 31 March 2026

Import/export not allowed after control

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 7600000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Preferential tariff quota(1)

inherited from 7616000000

United Kingdom

0.000 %1Regulation 0775/212025-01-01

EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement(since 2021)

1 certificate(s) required

U178Proof of origin

Proof of origin containing the following statement in English: "Origin quotas – Product originating in accordance with Annex ORIG-2A ".

Measure not applicable

CD845Subject to the presentation of a proof of origin containing the following statement in English: "Origin quotas – Product originating in accordance with Annex ORIG-2A"

Import control(3)

inherited from 7616000000

North Korea

Regulation 1509/172017-09-01

1 certificate(s) required

Y957Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the MG footnotes linked to the measure (Annex II, Part V of Reg. (EU) 2017/1509)

Import/export not allowed after control

MG595Countermeasure Subsystems and Penetration Aids (e.g. jammers, chaff, decoys) designed to saturate, confuse, or evade missile defences

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

Start date: 1972-01-01

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

7616100091: For use in certain types of aircraft.

Classification tips

Not described as for use in certain types of aircraft.

Typical uses

Fastening articles

Sample products

Aluminium screw hooks

Associated BTIs

See all BTIs (119)

CJEU Case Law

C-788/21

9 Feb 2023

Skatteministeriet Departementet v Global Gravity ApS

Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 9 February 2023.#Skatteministeriet Departementet v Global Gravity ApS.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Customs union – Common Customs Tariff – Classification of goods – Combined Nomenclature – Subheadings 7616 99 90 and 8609 00 90 – Tubular Transport Running-system (TubeLock) – Meaning of ‘container’.#Case C-788/21.

Regulatory notes

Chapter noteChapter 76 — Aluminium and articles thereof

Section note

Non-preferential origin

tariff_shift

- Nails, tacks, staples (other than those of heading 8305), screws, bolts, nuts, screw hooks, rivets, cotters, cotter-pins, washers and similar articles

CTH

tariff_shift

- Nails, tacks, staples (other than those of heading 8305), screws, bolts, nuts, screw hooks, rivets, cotters, cotter-pins, washers and similar articles

CTH

Residual rule

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Other (7616100099)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Other is 6.000 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Other (7616100099)?

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Other (7616100099)?

Yes, 3 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Other (7616100099)?

119 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 7616100099?

TARIC code 7616100099 (Other) covers the following products: Aluminium screw hooks, Aluminium cotter pins.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

1. This Section does not cover: (a) prepared paints, inks or other products with a basis of metallic flakes or powder (headings 3207 to 3210, 3212, 3213 or 3215); (b) ferrocerium or other pyrophoric alloys (heading 3606); (c) headgear or parts thereof of heading 6506 or 6507; (d) umbrella frames or other articles of Chapter 66; (e) goods of Chapter 71 (for example, precious metal alloys, base metal clad with precious metal, imitation jewellery); (f) articles of Section XVI (machinery and mechanical appliances, electrical equipment); (g) assembled railway or tramway track (heading 8608) or other articles of Section XVII (vehicles, aircraft, vessels); (h) instruments or apparatus of Section XVIII, including clock or watch springs; (ij) lead shot prepared for ammunition (heading 9306) or other articles of Section XIX (arms and ammunition); (k) articles of Chapter 94 (furniture, lamps, illuminated signs, prefabricated buildings); (l) articles of Chapter 95 (toys, games, sports requisites); (m) hand sieves, buttons, pens, pencils, pen-holders, monopods, bipods, tripods and similar articles or other articles of Chapter 96; (n) articles of Chapter 97 (works of art). 2. Throughout the Nomenclature, the expression 'parts of general use' means: (a) articles of heading 7307, 7312, 7315, 7317 or 7318 and similar articles of other base metal; (b) springs and leaves for springs, of base metal, other than clock or watch springs (heading 9114); (c) articles of headings 8301, 8302, 8308, 8310 and frames and mirrors, of base metal, of heading 8306. In Chapters 73 to 76 and 78 to 82, references to parts of goods do not include references to parts of general use as defined above. 3. Throughout the Nomenclature, the expression 'base metals' means: iron and steel, copper, nickel, aluminium, lead, zinc, tin, tungsten (wolfram), molybdenum, tantalum, magnesium, cobalt, bismuth, cadmium, titanium, zirconium, antimony, manganese, beryllium, chromium, germanium, vanadium, gallium, hafnium (celtium), indium, niobium (columbium), rhenium and thallium. 4. Throughout the Nomenclature, the term 'cermets' means products containing a microscopic heterogeneous combination of a metallic component and a ceramic component, including sintered metal carbides. 5. Classification of alloys (other than ferro-alloys and master alloys as defined in Chapters 72 and 74): alloys of base metals with each other are to be classified as alloys of the metal which predominates by weight over each of the other metals. Alloys of base metals not elsewhere specified or included are to be classified as articles of the metal predominating by weight.

Trade Statistics

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€28.73/kg

Export €/kg

€25.82/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

2,519

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€220.9M	1.4Mt	€158.32/kg	35.0%
2	🇨🇳 China	€184.0M	14.1Mt	€13.09/kg	29.1%
3	🇹🇼 Taiwan	€87.9M	2.6Mt	€34.20/kg	13.9%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€84.1M	1.8Mt	€45.83/kg	13.3%
5	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€54.5M	1.7Mt	€32.64/kg	8.6%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€165.3M	4.9Mt	€33.94/kg	37.1%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€109.8M	5.1Mt	€21.41/kg	24.6%
3	🇨🇳 China	€88.6M	2.8Mt	€31.32/kg	19.9%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€45.7M	1.9Mt	€23.80/kg	10.3%
5	🇹🇷 Turkey	€36.6M	905Kt	€40.40/kg	8.2%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€28.73/kg

Export €/kg

€25.82/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

2,519

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€220.9M	1.4Mt	€158.32/kg	35.0%
2	🇨🇳 China	€184.0M	14.1Mt	€13.09/kg	29.1%
3	🇹🇼 Taiwan	€87.9M	2.6Mt	€34.20/kg	13.9%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€84.1M	1.8Mt	€45.83/kg	13.3%
5	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€54.5M	1.7Mt	€32.64/kg	8.6%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€165.3M	4.9Mt	€33.94/kg	37.1%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€109.8M	5.1Mt	€21.41/kg	24.6%
3	🇨🇳 China	€88.6M	2.8Mt	€31.32/kg	19.9%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€45.7M	1.9Mt	€23.80/kg	10.3%
5	🇹🇷 Turkey	€36.6M	905Kt	€40.40/kg	8.2%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis