Hierarchy

16Section XVI — MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES

8400000000NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; PARTS THEREOF

8436000000Other agricultural, horticultural, forestry, poultry-keeping or bee-keeping machinery, including germination plant fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment; poultry incubators and brooders

8436100000Machinery for preparing animal feedingstuffs

8436210000Poultry-keeping machinery; poultry incubators and brooders

8436210000Poultry incubators and brooders 8436290000Other

8436800000Other machinery 8436910000Parts

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty1.700 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

1.700 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-1.7 pp	-1.7 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-1.7 pp	-1.7 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-1.7 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-1.7 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-1.7 ppESA Interim EPA	-1.7 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-1.7 ppSADC EPA	-1.7 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-1.7 pp	-1.7 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-1.7 ppEverything But Arms	-1.7 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-1.7 ppEEA Agreement	-1.7 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Import control(2)

inherited from 8400000000

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

CD967I. According to Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014, it shall be prohibited to import into European Union goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol. The prohibition shall not apply in respect of goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. II. According to the Council Regulation (EU) 692/2014, the export of goods and technologies suited for use in the sectors of transport; telecommunications; energy; prospection, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources is prohibited: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Crimea or Sevastopol, or (b) for use in Crimea or Sevastopol.

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

CD860According to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263 (OJ L42I, p. 77): I. It shall be prohibited to import into the European Union goods originating in non-government controlled areas of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine. The import prohibitions not apply in respect of: (a) the execution until 24 May 2022 of trade contracts concluded before 23 February 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the natural or legal person, entity or body seeking to perform the contract has notified, at least 10 working days in advance, the activity or transaction to the competent authority of the Member State in which they are established; (b) goods originating in the specified territories which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. II. It shall be prohibited to sell, supply, transfer or export goods and technology listed in Annex II to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in the specified territories, or (b) for use in the specified territories. Annex II shall include certain goods and technologies suited for use in the following key sectors: (i) transport; (ii) telecommunications; (iii) energy; (iv) the prospecting, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources. The prohibitions in point II above shall be without prejudice to the execution until 24 August 2022 of an obligation arising from a contract concluded before 23 February 2022, or from ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the competent authority has been informed at least five working days in advance.

Import control -fluorinated greenhouse gases(1)

inherited from 8436000000

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 0573/242025-06-25

4 certificate(s) required

Y152Particular provisions

Exemption from import prohibition, granted for repair or servicing of existing equipment, according to the second paragraph of Article 11.1 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573

Y986Particular provisions

Exemption from import prohibition according to Article 11.1 and 11.2 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573

Y160Particular provisions

Goods other than those falling under the applicable provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/573

Y169Particular provisions

Products and equipment, including parts (excluding military and repair exemption) listed in Annex IV containing F-gases or relies upon F-gases not subject to prohibition as imposed by Article 11.1. (Reg 2024/573).

Import/export not allowed after control

CD917By virtue of Article 4(6) of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the placing on the market of fluorinated greenhouse gases shall be prohibited, unless importers provide evidence that any trifluoromethane, produced as a by-product during the production process of the fluorinated greenhouse gases has been destroyed or recovered for subsequent use, using best available techniques. By virtue of Article 11.1. of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the placing on the market of products and equipment, including parts thereof, listed in Annex IV, with an exemption for military equipment, shall be prohibited from the date specified in that Annex. By virtue of Article 11.1 sub paragraph 2 (a)(b), (c) of Regulation (I) 2024/573, the placing on the market of parts of products and equipment required for repair and servicing of existing equipment listed in Annex IV shall be allowed. By virtue of Article 11.3. of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the placing on the market of non-refillable containers for fluorinated greenhouse gases listed in Annex I and in Section 1 of Annex II, empty, or fully or partially filled, shall be prohibited. By virtue of Article 11.4 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, undertakings which place on the market refillable containers for fluorinated greenhouse gases shall produce a declaration of conformity that includes evidence confirming that there are binding arrangements in place for the return of those containers for the purpose of refilling, in particular identifying the relevant actors, their obligatory commitments and the relevant logistical arrangements. By virtue of Article 12 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the following products and equipment that contain fluorinated greenhouse gases or whose functioning relies upon those gases shall only be placed on the market if they are labelled as: (a) refrigeration equipment ; (b) air-conditioning equipment ; (c) heat pumps ; (d) fire protection equipment ; (e) electrical switchgear ; (f) aerosol dispenser that contain fluorinated greenhouse gases, including metered dose inhalers; (g) all fluorinated greenhouse gas containers ; (h) fluorinated greenhouse gas-based solvents ; or (i) organic Rankine cycles. By virtue of Article 16 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the placing on the market of hydrofluorocarbons shall be allowed only to the extent that importers have been allocated quota by the Commission as set out in Article 17. By virtue of Article 19.1 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, heat pumps and metered dose inhalers pre-charged with substances listed in Section 1 of Annex I shall not be placed on the market unless those substances with which the products or equipment have been pre-charged are accounted for within the quota system. By virtue of Article 19.2 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the placing on the market of goods falling under the provisions of Article 19.1 shall be subject to the presentation of a declaration of conformity. By virtue of Article 19.6 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, undertakings that placed on the market less than 10 tonnes of CO2 equivalent of hydrofluorocarbons, per year, contained in the products or equipment referred to in Article 19.1 shall be exempted from the provisions of Article 19. By virtue of Article 20.4 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the undertakings shall have a valid registration in the F-gas Portal prior to carrying out any of the activities listed in points (a) to (g). By virtue of Article 23.3 (a) of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the F-gas Portal registration identification number shall be declared. The information listed in Article 23.3(a) to (d) of Regulation (EU) 2024/573 shall be provided to customs authorities, where relevant, in the customs declaration.

Import prohibition(1)

inherited from 8400000000

North Korea

—Regulation 0285/182018-02-28

TM884Goods from the Annex XIh of Regulation (EU) 2018/285 (Machinery and electrical equipment)

Start date: 1972-01-01

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

8436290000: Other poultry-keeping machinery that is not an incubator or brooder.

Classification tips

Poultry incubator or brooder.

Typical uses

Incubation and brooding

Sample products

Poultry incubator

Regulatory notes

Additional noteAdditional Notes to Chapter 84

1. For the purposes of subheading 8471 49, the term 'systems' means automatic data-processing machines whose units satisfy the conditions laid down in Note 5(C) to Chapter 84 and which comprise at least a central processing unit, one input unit (for example, a keyboard or a scanner), and one output unit (for example, a visual display unit or a printer). 2. For the purposes of subheading 8471 70 50, a 'CD-ROM drive' means a storage unit of an automatic data-processing machine capable only of reading and reproducing data from CD-ROMs, audio CDs and photo CDs by means of a laser beam. CD-ROM drives may be incorporated (built-in) or may be presented as separate units. 3. For the purposes of subheading 8443 31, 'printing, copying or facsimile machines, whether or not combined' means machines which receive digital data from a connected automatic data processing machine or from a network and generate hard-copy output on paper or similar media; this includes multifunctional digital machines that print, copy, scan and/or fax.

Chapter note

Non-preferential origin

value_added

Other agricultural, horticultural, forestry, poultry-keeping or bee- keeping machinery, including germination plant fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment; poultry incubators and brooders.

CTH; or 45% value added rule

value_added

Other agricultural, horticultural, forestry, poultry-keeping or bee- keeping machinery, including germination plant fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment; poultry incubators and brooders.

CTH; or 45% value added rule

Residual rule

Collection of parts: Where a change in classification results from the application of HS General Interpretative Rule 2(a) with respect to collections of parts that are presented as unassembled articles of another heading or subheading the individual parts shall retain their origin prior to such collection Note 2: Assembly of the collection of parts: Goods assembled from a collection of parts classified as the assembled good by application of General Interpretative Rule 2 shall have origin in the country of assembly, provided the assembly would have satisfied the primary rule for the good had each of the parts been presented separately and not as a collection Note 3: Disassembly of goods: A change of classification which results from the disassembly of goods shall not be considered as the change required by the rule set forth in the table of "list rules" .The country of origin of the parts recovered from the goods shall be the country where the parts are recovered, unless the importer, exporter or any person with a justifiable cause to determine the origin of parts demonstrates another country of origin on the basis of verifiable evidence.

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Poultry-keeping machinery; poultry incubators and brooders (8436210000)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Poultry-keeping machinery; poultry incubators and brooders is 1.700 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Poultry-keeping machinery; poultry incubators and brooders (8436210000)?

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Poultry-keeping machinery; poultry incubators and brooders (8436210000)?

Yes, 3 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Poultry-keeping machinery; poultry incubators and brooders (8436210000)?

38 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Hierarchy

16Section XVI — MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES

8400000000NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; PARTS THEREOF

8436100000Machinery for preparing animal feedingstuffs

8436210000Poultry-keeping machinery; poultry incubators and brooders

8436210000Poultry incubators and brooders 8436290000Other

8436800000Other machinery 8436910000Parts

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty1.700 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

1.700 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-1.7 pp	-1.7 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-1.7 pp	-1.7 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-1.7 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-1.7 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-1.7 ppESA Interim EPA	-1.7 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-1.7 ppSADC EPA	-1.7 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-1.7 pp	-1.7 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-1.7 ppEverything But Arms	-1.7 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-1.7 ppEEA Agreement	-1.7 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Import control(2)

inherited from 8400000000

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

Import control -fluorinated greenhouse gases(1)

inherited from 8436000000

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 0573/242025-06-25

4 certificate(s) required

Y152Particular provisions

Exemption from import prohibition, granted for repair or servicing of existing equipment, according to the second paragraph of Article 11.1 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573

Y986Particular provisions

Exemption from import prohibition according to Article 11.1 and 11.2 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573

Y160Particular provisions

Goods other than those falling under the applicable provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/573

Y169Particular provisions

Import/export not allowed after control

Import prohibition(1)

inherited from 8400000000

North Korea

—Regulation 0285/182018-02-28

TM884Goods from the Annex XIh of Regulation (EU) 2018/285 (Machinery and electrical equipment)

Start date: 1972-01-01

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

8436290000: Other poultry-keeping machinery that is not an incubator or brooder.

Classification tips

Poultry incubator or brooder.

Typical uses

Incubation and brooding

Sample products

Poultry incubator

Associated BTIs

Regulatory notes

Additional noteAdditional Notes to Chapter 84

Chapter note

Non-preferential origin

value_added

Other agricultural, horticultural, forestry, poultry-keeping or bee- keeping machinery, including germination plant fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment; poultry incubators and brooders.

CTH; or 45% value added rule

value_added

Other agricultural, horticultural, forestry, poultry-keeping or bee- keeping machinery, including germination plant fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment; poultry incubators and brooders.

CTH; or 45% value added rule

Residual rule

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Poultry-keeping machinery; poultry incubators and brooders (8436210000)?

Are there tariff preferences for Poultry-keeping machinery; poultry incubators and brooders (8436210000)?

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Poultry-keeping machinery; poultry incubators and brooders (8436210000)?

Yes, 3 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Poultry-keeping machinery; poultry incubators and brooders (8436210000)?

38 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

This chapter does not cover: millstones and grindstones of Chapter 68, machinery or appliances of ceramics (Chapter 69), laboratory glassware (heading 7017), articles of base metal of Chapters 73-76 or 78-81, electromechanical domestic appliances of heading 8509, or electromechanical hand tools of heading 8467. Note 2 (Parts): Subject to certain exceptions, parts which are suitable for use solely or principally with a particular kind of machine are classified with that machine; parts equally suitable for two or more machines are classified in heading 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466 or 8473 as appropriate. Note 3 (Composite machines): Composite machines consisting of two or more machines fitted together to form a whole and other machines designed to perform two or more complementary or alternative functions are classified according to the principal function. Note 4 (Multi-function machines): Where a machine or combination of machines performs successive different operations on material, it is classified by the function it performs last. Note 5 defines 'machine tools' for working any material by removal, for heading 8456-8465.

Section noteNotes to Section XVI — Machinery and mechanical appliances; Electrical equipment; Parts thereof; Sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles

1. This Section does not cover: (a) transmission or conveyor belts or belting of plastics of Chapter 39, or of vulcanised rubber (heading 4010), or other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber, for technical uses (heading 4016); (b) articles of leather or of composition leather (heading 4205) or of furskin (heading 4303), of a kind used in machinery or mechanical appliances or for other technical uses; (c) bobbins, spools, cops, cones, cores, reels or similar supports, of any material (for example, Chapter 39, 40, 44 or Section XV); (d) perforated cards for Jacquard or similar machines (for example, Chapter 39 or 48 or Section XV); (e) transmission or conveyor belts or belting of textile material (heading 5910) or other articles of textile material for technical uses (heading 5911); (f) precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed) of headings 7102 to 7104, or articles wholly of such stones of heading 7116, except unmounted worked sapphires and diamonds for styli (heading 8522); (g) parts of general use, as defined in Note 2 to Section XV, of base metal (Section XV) or similar goods of plastics (Chapter 39); (h) drill pipe (heading 7304); (ij) endless bands of metal wire or strip (Section XV); (k) articles of Chapter 82 or 83; (l) articles of Section XVII; (m) articles of Chapter 90; (n) clocks, watches or other articles of Chapter 91; (o) interchangeable tools of heading 8207 or brushes of a kind used as parts of machines (heading 9603); similar interchangeable tools are to be classified according to the constituent material of their working part; (p) articles of Chapter 95; (q) typewriter or similar ribbons, whether or not on spools or in cartridges (heading 9612), or monopods, bipods, tripods and similar articles of heading 9620. 2. Subject to Note 1 to this Section, Note 1 to Chapter 84 and Note 1 to Chapter 85, parts of machines (not being parts of the articles of heading 8484, 8544, 8545, 8546 or 8547) are to be classified according to the following rules: (a) parts which are goods included in any of the headings of Chapter 84 or 85 (other than headings 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8487, 8503, 8522, 8529, 8538 and 8548) are in all cases to be classified in their respective headings; (b) other parts, if suitable for use solely or principally with a particular kind of machine, or with a number of machines of the same heading, are to be classified with the machines of that kind or in heading 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8503, 8522, 8529 or 8538 as appropriate; however, parts which are equally suitable for use principally with the goods of headings 8517 and 8525 to 8528 are to be classified in heading 8517; (c) all other parts are to be classified in heading 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8503, 8522, 8529 or 8538 as appropriate or, failing that, in heading 8487 or 8548. 3. Unless the context otherwise requires, composite machines consisting of two or more machines fitted together to form a whole and other machines designed for the purpose of performing two or more complementary or alternative functions are to be classified as if consisting only of that component or as being that machine which performs the principal function. 4. Where a machine (including a combination of machines) consists of individual components (whether separate or interconnected by piping, by transmission devices, by electric cables or by other devices) intended to contribute together to a clearly defined function covered by one of the headings in Chapter 84 or Chapter 85, then the whole is to be classified in the heading appropriate to that function. 5. For the purposes of these Notes, the expression 'machine' means any machine, machinery, plant, equipment, apparatus or appliance cited in the headings of Chapter 84 or 85.

Trade Statistics

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€9.93/kg

Export €/kg

€12.49/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

3,617

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€16.2M	2.3Mt	€7.15/kg	55.3%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€4.9M	185Kt	€26.35/kg	16.6%
3	🇨🇦 Canada	€3.6M	154Kt	€23.50/kg	12.3%
4	🇹🇷 Turkey	€2.7M	232Kt	€11.64/kg	9.2%
5	🇰🇷 South Korea	€1.9M	62Kt	€31.22/kg	6.6%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia	€45.3M	3.3Mt	€13.65/kg	26.6%
2	🇺🇸 United States	€36.5M	1.2Mt	€29.98/kg	21.4%
3	🇪🇬 Egypt	€28.4M	8.8Mt	€3.23/kg	16.6%
4	🇩🇿 Algeria	€19.2M	1.1Mt	€17.73/kg	11.3%
5	🇮🇶 Iraq	€17.4M	1.6Mt	€11.14/kg	10.2%
6	🇿🇦 South Africa	€8.0M	418Kt	€19.19/kg	4.7%
7	🇨🇳 China	€7.9M	482Kt	€16.37/kg	4.6%
8	🇲🇾 Malaysia	€7.8M	486Kt	€16.08/kg	4.6%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€9.93/kg

Export €/kg

€12.49/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

3,617

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€16.2M	2.3Mt	€7.15/kg	55.3%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€4.9M	185Kt	€26.35/kg	16.6%
3	🇨🇦 Canada	€3.6M	154Kt	€23.50/kg	12.3%
4	🇹🇷 Turkey	€2.7M	232Kt	€11.64/kg	9.2%
5	🇰🇷 South Korea	€1.9M	62Kt	€31.22/kg	6.6%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia	€45.3M	3.3Mt	€13.65/kg	26.6%
2	🇺🇸 United States	€36.5M	1.2Mt	€29.98/kg	21.4%
3	🇪🇬 Egypt	€28.4M	8.8Mt	€3.23/kg	16.6%
4	🇩🇿 Algeria	€19.2M	1.1Mt	€17.73/kg	11.3%
5	🇮🇶 Iraq	€17.4M	1.6Mt	€11.14/kg	10.2%
6	🇿🇦 South Africa	€8.0M	418Kt	€19.19/kg	4.7%
7	🇨🇳 China	€7.9M	482Kt	€16.37/kg	4.6%
8	🇲🇾 Malaysia	€7.8M	486Kt	€16.08/kg	4.6%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis