Hierarchy

16Section XVI — MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES

8500000000ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AND PARTS THEREOF; SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, TELEVISION IMAGE AND SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, AND PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF SUCH ARTICLES

8504000000Electrical transformers, static converters (for example, rectifiers) and inductors

8504400000Static converters

8504408300Other

8504409500Other

8504409510For use in civil aircraft

8504409590Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty0.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

0.000 %

Preferential rates(47)

+37

Preferential rates - 47 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %	—	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %EU-CARIFORUM EPA	—	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %ESA Interim EPA	—	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %SADC EPA	—	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %	—	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %Everything But Arms	—	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %EEA Agreement	—	EEA Agreement	1
GSP Standard2020 0.000 %Generalised Scheme of Preferences	—	Generalised Scheme of Preferences

Airworthiness tariff suspension(1)

inherited from 8504000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 1517/182018-11-01

1 certificate(s) required

C119Other certificates

Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1 (Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012), or equivalent certificate

Measure not applicable

CD333The autonomous Common Customs Tariff duties laid down in Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 for parts, components and other goods of a kind to be incorporated in or used for aircraft and parts thereof in the course of their manufacture, repair, maintenance, rebuilding, modification or conversion is suspended. In order to benefit from the suspension, the declarant shall present to the customs authorities an Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1, as set out in Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, or an equivalent certificate. The certificates which are deemed to be equivalent to Authorised Release Certificates are listed in Annex II to the Regulation (EU) 2018/1517.

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 8500000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872023-01-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

EU003According to The Special Provisions of Section II (A) (3) of the Preliminary Provisions of the Combined Nomenclature the suspension of customs duties for goods for certain categories of ships, boats and other vessels and for drilling or production platforms shall be subject to conditions laid down in the relevant provisions of the European Union with a view to customs control of the use of such goods.

TM5101. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of goods intended for incorporation in the ships, boats or other vessels classified at the following CN codes 8901 10 10; 8901 20 10; 8901 30 10; 8901 90 10; 8902 00 10; 8903 91 10; 8903 92 10; 8904 00 10; 8904 00 91; 8905 10 10; 8905 90 10; 8906 10 00; 8906 90 10 for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for fitting to or equipping such ships, boats or other vessels. 2. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of: (a) goods intended for incorporation in drilling or production platforms: (1) fixed, of subheading ex 8430 49, operating in or outside the territorial sea of Member States, or (2) floating or submersible, of subheading 8905 20, for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for equipping the said platforms. (b) tubes, pipes, cables and their connection pieces, linking these drilling or production platforms to the mainland.

Import control(8)

inherited from 8504409500

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 0267/122023-01-01

Except:IR(Iran)

3 certificate(s) required

Y949Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure (Reg 267/2012)

C067Other certificates

Import authorisation for restricted goods and technologies (Council Regulation (EU) No 267/2012)

Y069Particular provisions

Goods not consigned from Iran

Import/export not allowed after control

CD989If the goods declared are described in footnote "DU" linked to the measure a prior import authorisation must be presented for the import, purchase or transport from Iran of the goods and technology listed in Annex I, whether or not originating in Iran (R267/2012).

DU186Goods 3A225 from the dual use list.

DU187Goods 3A226 from the dual use list.

DU188Goods 3A227 from the dual use list.

DU405Goods 0B001b from the dual use list.

DU409Goods 0B001j from the dual use list.

DU570Goods 2B226b from the dual use list.

Belarus

Regulation 0765/062025-02-25

4 certificate(s) required

Y727Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 3)

Y728Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 4)

L152Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 10 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

Y870Particular provisions

Goods entered the territory of the customs union of the EU and presented to customs authorities prior to the entry into force or to applicability date of the present sanction, whichever is latest (see Article 8f of Regulation (EU) No 765/2006)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD925It shall be prohibited to purchase, import, or transfer into the Union, directly or indirectly, goods which allow Belarus to diversify its sources of revenue, thereby enabling its involvement in the Russian aggression against Ukraine, as listed in Annex XXVII, if they originate in Belarus or are exported from Belarus. Article 1ra - Regulation (EU) 765/2006 (COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) 2024/1865)

Iran

Regulation 0267/122025-09-30

1 certificate(s) required

Y949Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure (Reg 267/2012)

Import/export not allowed after control

DU186Goods 3A225 from the dual use list.

DU187Goods 3A226 from the dual use list.

DU188Goods 3A227 from the dual use list.

DU405Goods 0B001b from the dual use list.

DU409Goods 0B001j from the dual use list.

DU570Goods 2B226b from the dual use list.

Import control -restricted goods & technologies(1)

inherited from 8504409500

North Korea

Regulation 1509/172023-01-01

1 certificate(s) required

Y920Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure

Import/export not allowed after control

CD995If the declared goods are described in the footnotes linked to the measure, export/import is not allowed.

DU186Goods 3A225 from the dual use list.

DU187Goods 3A226 from the dual use list.

DU188Goods 3A227 from the dual use list.

DU405Goods 0B001b from the dual use list.

DU409Goods 0B001j from the dual use list.

DU570Goods 2B226b from the dual use list.

Import prohibition(1)

inherited from 8500000000

North Korea

—Regulation 0285/182018-02-28

TM884Goods from the Annex XIh of Regulation (EU) 2018/285 (Machinery and electrical equipment)

Start date: 2023-01-01

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

8504409510: For use in civil aircraft

Classification tips

Static converter, not described as for use in civil aircraft

Typical uses

static converter

Sample products

Static converter, other type

Regulatory notes

NENC8504

Electrical transformers, static converters (for example, rectifiers) and inductors In addition to the products referred to in the HS Explanatory Note to heading 8504 , this heading includes: 1. adjustable transformers (for example, cursor transformers) and variable ratio transformers; 2. field dispersion transformers for fluorescent tubes; 3. special transformers for communications; 4. compensation coils; 5. output coils; 6. smoothing inductors; 7. moving core coils for modifying inductance; 8. ballasts (chokes) for electrical discharge lamps and tubes; 9. Pupin coils; 10. Godefroy coils; 11. stabilised power packs (rectifier with a regulator). This heading also includes selenium rectifying elements, whether single (selenium plates, in particular) or multiple. However, this heading does not include silicon or germanium single-crystal rectifiers constituting discrete components (for example, rectifier diodes) or rectifiers constituting integrated circuits, especially microcircuits, whether or not equipped with cooling or insulating devices, etc. Note 8 to this chapter assigns such components to heading 8541 or to heading 8542 (see also note 2 to this chapter). Furthermore, this heading does not include: (a) commutators for multiple-point transformers (heading 8536 ); (b) rectifying lamps, tubes and valves such as phanotrons, thyratrons, ignitrons and high-voltage rectifying tubes for X-ray equipment (subheading 8540 89 00 ); (c) voltage regulators of heading 9032 .

Additional note

Non-preferential origin

specific

Electrical transformers, static converters, inductors

CTH or 45% value added

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Other (8504409590)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Other is 0.000 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Other (8504409590)?

Yes, 44 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Other (8504409590)?

Yes, 9 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Other (8504409590)?

304 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 8504409590?

TARIC code 8504409590 (Other) covers the following products: Static converter, other type, Electrical static converter.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Hierarchy

16Section XVI — MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES

8500000000ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AND PARTS THEREOF; SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, TELEVISION IMAGE AND SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, AND PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF SUCH ARTICLES

8504000000Electrical transformers, static converters (for example, rectifiers) and inductors

8504400000Static converters

8504408300Other

8504409500Other

8504409510For use in civil aircraft

8504409590Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty0.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

0.000 %

Preferential rates(47)

+37

Preferential rates - 47 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %	—	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %EU-CARIFORUM EPA	—	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %ESA Interim EPA	—	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %SADC EPA	—	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %	—	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %Everything But Arms	—	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %EEA Agreement	—	EEA Agreement	1
GSP Standard2020 0.000 %Generalised Scheme of Preferences	—	Generalised Scheme of Preferences

Airworthiness tariff suspension(1)

inherited from 8504000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 1517/182018-11-01

1 certificate(s) required

C119Other certificates

Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1 (Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012), or equivalent certificate

Measure not applicable

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 8500000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872023-01-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

Import control(8)

inherited from 8504409500

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 0267/122023-01-01

Except:IR(Iran)

3 certificate(s) required

Y949Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure (Reg 267/2012)

C067Other certificates

Import authorisation for restricted goods and technologies (Council Regulation (EU) No 267/2012)

Y069Particular provisions

Goods not consigned from Iran

Import/export not allowed after control

DU186Goods 3A225 from the dual use list.

DU187Goods 3A226 from the dual use list.

DU188Goods 3A227 from the dual use list.

DU405Goods 0B001b from the dual use list.

DU409Goods 0B001j from the dual use list.

DU570Goods 2B226b from the dual use list.

Belarus

Regulation 0765/062025-02-25

4 certificate(s) required

Y727Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 3)

Y728Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 4)

L152Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 10 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

Y870Particular provisions

Import/export not allowed after control

Iran

Regulation 0267/122025-09-30

1 certificate(s) required

Y949Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure (Reg 267/2012)

Import/export not allowed after control

DU186Goods 3A225 from the dual use list.

DU187Goods 3A226 from the dual use list.

DU188Goods 3A227 from the dual use list.

DU405Goods 0B001b from the dual use list.

DU409Goods 0B001j from the dual use list.

DU570Goods 2B226b from the dual use list.

Import control -restricted goods & technologies(1)

inherited from 8504409500

North Korea

Regulation 1509/172023-01-01

1 certificate(s) required

Y920Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure

Import/export not allowed after control

CD995If the declared goods are described in the footnotes linked to the measure, export/import is not allowed.

DU186Goods 3A225 from the dual use list.

DU187Goods 3A226 from the dual use list.

DU188Goods 3A227 from the dual use list.

DU405Goods 0B001b from the dual use list.

DU409Goods 0B001j from the dual use list.

DU570Goods 2B226b from the dual use list.

Import prohibition(1)

inherited from 8500000000

North Korea

—Regulation 0285/182018-02-28

TM884Goods from the Annex XIh of Regulation (EU) 2018/285 (Machinery and electrical equipment)

Start date: 2023-01-01

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

8504409510: For use in civil aircraft

Classification tips

Static converter, not described as for use in civil aircraft

Typical uses

static converter

Sample products

Static converter, other type

Associated BTIs

See all BTIs (304)

CJEU Case Law

C-559/18

5 Sept 2019

TDK-Lambda Germany GmbH v Hauptzollamt Lörrach

On those grounds, the Court (Sixth Chamber) hereby rules: Subheading 85044030 of the Combined Nomenclature set out in Annex I to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 927/2012 of 9 October 2012, and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1001/2013 of 4 October 2013, must be interpreted as meaning that static converters such as those at issue in the main proceedings may fall within that subheading only if the main use for which they are intended is with ‘telecommunication apparatus or automatic data processing machines and the units thereof’, within the meaning of that subheading, which is a matter for verification by the referring court. [Signatures] ( *1 ) Language of the case: German.

Regulatory notes

NENC8504

Additional note

Non-preferential origin

specific

Electrical transformers, static converters, inductors

CTH or 45% value added

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Other (8504409590)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Other is 0.000 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Other (8504409590)?

Yes, 44 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Other (8504409590)?

Yes, 9 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Other (8504409590)?

304 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 8504409590?

TARIC code 8504409590 (Other) covers the following products: Static converter, other type, Electrical static converter.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

1. For the purposes of subheading 8528 42 and 8528 52, 'capable of directly receiving and processing computer data signals' refers to monitors or projectors which receive digital signals from an automatic data processing machine via a standard connector (for example DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort, USB-C or VGA). 2. For the purposes of subheading 8528 52, 'capable of directly connecting to and designed for use with an automatic data processing machine of heading 8471' includes monitors with a display diagonal not exceeding 71.12 cm (28 inches), or having a pixel resolution of 1 920 x 1 080 or greater and at least one connector of a type typically used with automatic data processing machines (for example DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort, USB-C). 3. Subheading 8528 62 covers only projectors not capable of receiving a broadcast signal. Projectors which can receive and display broadcast television signals fall under subheading 8528 69 or 8528 72.

Chapter noteChapter 85 — Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; Sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles

This chapter does not cover: electrically warmed blankets, bed pads, etc. (heading 6301), glass of heading 7011 or 7014, furniture of Chapter 94, or toys/games of Chapter 95. Note 2 (Parts): Parts suitable for use solely or principally with a particular kind of article are classified with that article; parts equally suitable for two or more articles of this chapter are classified in heading 8538 or 8548. Heading 8523 covers all media for the recording of sound or other phenomena, including unrecorded media, and also covers recorded media such as software, data, sound recordings, and digital content regardless of whether the recording is permanent or temporary. Heading 8542 covers monolithic integrated circuits (MICs), hybrid integrated circuits (HICs), and electronic microassemblies. Printed circuit assemblies consisting of one or more printed circuits of heading 8534 with mounted components are classified in heading 8534 if they do not form a complete article, otherwise they follow the relevant heading for the complete article.

Section noteNotes to Section XVI — Machinery and mechanical appliances; Electrical equipment; Parts thereof; Sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles

1. This Section does not cover: (a) transmission or conveyor belts or belting of plastics of Chapter 39, or of vulcanised rubber (heading 4010), or other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber, for technical uses (heading 4016); (b) articles of leather or of composition leather (heading 4205) or of furskin (heading 4303), of a kind used in machinery or mechanical appliances or for other technical uses; (c) bobbins, spools, cops, cones, cores, reels or similar supports, of any material (for example, Chapter 39, 40, 44 or Section XV); (d) perforated cards for Jacquard or similar machines (for example, Chapter 39 or 48 or Section XV); (e) transmission or conveyor belts or belting of textile material (heading 5910) or other articles of textile material for technical uses (heading 5911); (f) precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed) of headings 7102 to 7104, or articles wholly of such stones of heading 7116, except unmounted worked sapphires and diamonds for styli (heading 8522); (g) parts of general use, as defined in Note 2 to Section XV, of base metal (Section XV) or similar goods of plastics (Chapter 39); (h) drill pipe (heading 7304); (ij) endless bands of metal wire or strip (Section XV); (k) articles of Chapter 82 or 83; (l) articles of Section XVII; (m) articles of Chapter 90; (n) clocks, watches or other articles of Chapter 91; (o) interchangeable tools of heading 8207 or brushes of a kind used as parts of machines (heading 9603); similar interchangeable tools are to be classified according to the constituent material of their working part; (p) articles of Chapter 95; (q) typewriter or similar ribbons, whether or not on spools or in cartridges (heading 9612), or monopods, bipods, tripods and similar articles of heading 9620. 2. Subject to Note 1 to this Section, Note 1 to Chapter 84 and Note 1 to Chapter 85, parts of machines (not being parts of the articles of heading 8484, 8544, 8545, 8546 or 8547) are to be classified according to the following rules: (a) parts which are goods included in any of the headings of Chapter 84 or 85 (other than headings 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8487, 8503, 8522, 8529, 8538 and 8548) are in all cases to be classified in their respective headings; (b) other parts, if suitable for use solely or principally with a particular kind of machine, or with a number of machines of the same heading, are to be classified with the machines of that kind or in heading 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8503, 8522, 8529 or 8538 as appropriate; however, parts which are equally suitable for use principally with the goods of headings 8517 and 8525 to 8528 are to be classified in heading 8517; (c) all other parts are to be classified in heading 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8503, 8522, 8529 or 8538 as appropriate or, failing that, in heading 8487 or 8548. 3. Unless the context otherwise requires, composite machines consisting of two or more machines fitted together to form a whole and other machines designed for the purpose of performing two or more complementary or alternative functions are to be classified as if consisting only of that component or as being that machine which performs the principal function. 4. Where a machine (including a combination of machines) consists of individual components (whether separate or interconnected by piping, by transmission devices, by electric cables or by other devices) intended to contribute together to a clearly defined function covered by one of the headings in Chapter 84 or Chapter 85, then the whole is to be classified in the heading appropriate to that function. 5. For the purposes of these Notes, the expression 'machine' means any machine, machinery, plant, equipment, apparatus or appliance cited in the headings of Chapter 84 or 85.

Trade Statistics

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

€0

Import €/kg

€39.92/kg

Export €/kg

€52.96/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

5,369

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€11.2B	367.0Mt	€30.62/kg	71.8%
2	🇹🇭 Thailand	€1.5B	26.9Mt	€54.86/kg	9.4%
3	🇺🇸 United States	€1.1B	10.3Mt	€110.59/kg	7.3%
4	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€962.3M	12.0Mt	€80.06/kg	6.2%
5	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€832.5M	8.8Mt	€94.18/kg	5.3%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€4.2B	109.7Mt	€37.94/kg	40.9%
2	🇨🇳 China	€2.9B	25.4Mt	€113.18/kg	28.3%
3	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€1.5B	27.2Mt	€55.96/kg	15.0%
4	🇰🇷 South Korea	€974.5M	6.3Mt	€154.57/kg	9.6%
5	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€628.2M	10.5Mt	€59.80/kg	6.2%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

€0

Import €/kg

€39.92/kg

Export €/kg

€52.96/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

5,369

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€11.2B	367.0Mt	€30.62/kg	71.8%
2	🇹🇭 Thailand	€1.5B	26.9Mt	€54.86/kg	9.4%
3	🇺🇸 United States	€1.1B	10.3Mt	€110.59/kg	7.3%
4	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€962.3M	12.0Mt	€80.06/kg	6.2%
5	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€832.5M	8.8Mt	€94.18/kg	5.3%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€4.2B	109.7Mt	€37.94/kg	40.9%
2	🇨🇳 China	€2.9B	25.4Mt	€113.18/kg	28.3%
3	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€1.5B	27.2Mt	€55.96/kg	15.0%
4	🇰🇷 South Korea	€974.5M	6.3Mt	€154.57/kg	9.6%
5	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€628.2M	10.5Mt	€59.80/kg	6.2%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis