Hierarchy

16Section XVI — MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES

8500000000ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AND PARTS THEREOF; SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, TELEVISION IMAGE AND SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, AND PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF SUCH ARTICLES

8528000000Monitors and projectors, not incorporating television reception apparatus; reception apparatus for television, whether or not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus

8528520000Other monitors

8528590000Other

8528590020Liquid crystal display colour video monitor assembly mounted on a frame, -|excluding those combined with other apparatus, -|comprising touch screen facilities, a printed circuit board with drive circuitry and power supply, used for permanent incorporation or permanent mounting into entertainment systems for vehicles 8528590030Electronic device with LCD touch screen display powered by a voltage of 12 V or more but not more than 14,4 V, containing: -a LCD control processor, -a GPS module, -a Bluetooth module, -an USB port, -a radio signal tuner, -whether or not containing DAB module, -whether or not containing functions for cooperation with E-CALL, -whether or not containing an integrated control panel, -whether or not containing connectors, for use in the manufacture of goods of Chapter 87

8528590090Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty14.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

14.000 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-14.0 pp	-14.0 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-14.0 pp	-14.0 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-14.0 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-14.0 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-14.0 ppESA Interim EPA	-14.0 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-14.0 ppSADC EPA	-14.0 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-14.0 pp	-14.0 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-14.0 ppEverything But Arms	-14.0 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-14.0 ppEEA Agreement	-14.0 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Airworthiness tariff suspension(1)

inherited from 8528000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 1517/182018-11-01

1 certificate(s) required

C119Other certificates

Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1 (Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012), or equivalent certificate

Measure not applicable

CD333The autonomous Common Customs Tariff duties laid down in Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 for parts, components and other goods of a kind to be incorporated in or used for aircraft and parts thereof in the course of their manufacture, repair, maintenance, rebuilding, modification or conversion is suspended. In order to benefit from the suspension, the declarant shall present to the customs authorities an Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1, as set out in Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, or an equivalent certificate. The certificates which are deemed to be equivalent to Authorised Release Certificates are listed in Annex II to the Regulation (EU) 2018/1517.

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 8500000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Supplementary unit(1)

inherited from 8528000000

ERGA OMNES

NARRegulation 2658/872008-01-01

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872017-01-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

EU003According to The Special Provisions of Section II (A) (3) of the Preliminary Provisions of the Combined Nomenclature the suspension of customs duties for goods for certain categories of ships, boats and other vessels and for drilling or production platforms shall be subject to conditions laid down in the relevant provisions of the European Union with a view to customs control of the use of such goods.

TM5101. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of goods intended for incorporation in the ships, boats or other vessels classified at the following CN codes 8901 10 10; 8901 20 10; 8901 30 10; 8901 90 10; 8902 00 10; 8903 91 10; 8903 92 10; 8904 00 10; 8904 00 91; 8905 10 10; 8905 90 10; 8906 10 00; 8906 90 10 for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for fitting to or equipping such ships, boats or other vessels. 2. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of: (a) goods intended for incorporation in drilling or production platforms: (1) fixed, of subheading ex 8430 49, operating in or outside the territorial sea of Member States, or (2) floating or submersible, of subheading 8905 20, for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for equipping the said platforms. (b) tubes, pipes, cables and their connection pieces, linking these drilling or production platforms to the mainland.

Import control(2)

inherited from 8500000000

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

CD967I. According to Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014, it shall be prohibited to import into European Union goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol. The prohibition shall not apply in respect of goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. II. According to the Council Regulation (EU) 692/2014, the export of goods and technologies suited for use in the sectors of transport; telecommunications; energy; prospection, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources is prohibited: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Crimea or Sevastopol, or (b) for use in Crimea or Sevastopol.

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

CD860According to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263 (OJ L42I, p. 77): I. It shall be prohibited to import into the European Union goods originating in non-government controlled areas of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine. The import prohibitions not apply in respect of: (a) the execution until 24 May 2022 of trade contracts concluded before 23 February 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the natural or legal person, entity or body seeking to perform the contract has notified, at least 10 working days in advance, the activity or transaction to the competent authority of the Member State in which they are established; (b) goods originating in the specified territories which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. II. It shall be prohibited to sell, supply, transfer or export goods and technology listed in Annex II to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in the specified territories, or (b) for use in the specified territories. Annex II shall include certain goods and technologies suited for use in the following key sectors: (i) transport; (ii) telecommunications; (iii) energy; (iv) the prospecting, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources. The prohibitions in point II above shall be without prejudice to the execution until 24 August 2022 of an obligation arising from a contract concluded before 23 February 2022, or from ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the competent authority has been informed at least five working days in advance.

Import control -restricted goods & technologies(1)

inherited from 8528590000

North Korea

Regulation 1509/172017-09-01

1 certificate(s) required

Y920Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure

Import/export not allowed after control

CD995If the declared goods are described in the footnotes linked to the measure, export/import is not allowed.

DU597Goods 8A002d from the dual use list.

Import prohibition(1)

inherited from 8500000000

North Korea

—Regulation 0285/182018-02-28

TM884Goods from the Annex XIh of Regulation (EU) 2018/285 (Machinery and electrical equipment)

Start date: 2017-01-01

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

8528590020: Frame-mounted LCD colour video monitor assembly with touch screen, printed circuit board with drive circuitry and power supply, for permanent incorporation or m
8528590030: Electronic device with LCD touch screen, 12 V to 14,4 V, LCD control processor, GPS, Bluetooth and radio tuner modules, and USB port, for use in manufacturing

Classification tips

Other goods of subheading 85285900 that are not this specific monitor assembly
Other goods of subheading 85285900 that are not this specific electronic device

Regulatory notes

NENC85288528 62 00 to 8528 69 80

Monitors and projectors, not incorporating television reception apparatus; reception apparatus for television, whether or not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus According to general rule 3(c) for the interpretation of the Combined Nomenclature, video surveillance systems, consisting of a limited number of television cameras and one monitor, fall within this heading when put up in a set for retail sale. The components of such video surveillance systems are to be classified separately when the system is not put up in a set for retail sale (see the HS General Explanatory Note to Section XVI, (VII)). This heading does not cover electronic reading devices for the visually handicapped (see the explanatory note to subheading 8543 70 90 ). Projectors These subheadings do not include products comprising a projector and a screen in the same housing (subheadings 8528 52 10 to 8528 59 00 or, when incorporating reception apparatus for television, subheading 8528 72 10 ). 8528 71 11 to 8528 71 19 Video tuners These subheadings include apparatus incorporating a video tuner which converts high-frequency television signals into signals usable by video recording or reproducing apparatus or monitors. The apparatus incorporates selector circuits, which permit tuning to a special channel or carrier frequency, and demodulation circuits. The apparatus may also be equipped with a decoding device (colour) or with separator circuitry for synchronisation. It is generally designed to operate with an individual aerial or a shared aerial (high-frequency cable distribution). The output signal can be used as an input signal for monitors or for recording or reproducing apparatus. It consists of the original camera signal (i.e., not modulated for transmission purposes). Analogue video tuners within the meaning of these subheadings may be in the form of modules comprising, at least, the radio frequency circuits (RF block), intermediate frequency circuits (IF block) and demodulation circuits (DEM block) where the output is a separate audio and composite video baseband signal (CVBS). Digital video tuners within the meaning of these subheadings may be in the form of modules comprising, at least, the RF block, IF block, DEM block and an MPEG decoder for digital television where the output is a separate audio and digital video signal. Modules incorporating both an analogue and a digital video tuner component fall under these subheadings when one of the components is to be classified as a complete or finished video tuner by application of general rule 2(a) for the interpretation of the Combined Nomenclature. A module not fulfilling the above conditions is to be classified as a ‘part’ under heading 8529 .

Non-preferential origin

specific

Monitors and projectors, not

Residual rule

Collection of parts: Where a change in classification results from the application of HS General Interpretative Rule 2(a) with respect to collections of parts that are presented as unassembled articles of another heading or subheading the individual parts shall retain their origin prior to such collection. Note 2: Assembly of the collection of parts: Goods assembled from a collection of parts classified as the assembled good by application of General Interpretative Rule 2 shall have origin in the country of assembly, provided the assembly would have satisfied the primary rule for the good had each of the parts been presented separately and not as a collection. Note 3: Disassembly of goods: A change of classification which results from the disassembly of goods shall not be considered as the change required by the rule set forth in the table of "list rules". The country of origin of the parts recovered from the goods shall be the country where the parts are recovered, unless the importer, exporter or any person with a justifiable cause to determine the origin of parts demonstrates another country of origin on the basis of verifiable evidence such as origin marks on the part itself or documents.

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Other (8528590090)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Other is 14.000 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Other (8528590090)?

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Other (8528590090)?

Yes, 3 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Other (8528590090)?

301 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 8528590090?

TARIC code 8528590090 (Other) covers the following products: Monitor not incorporating television reception apparatus, Projector not incorporating television reception apparatus.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Hierarchy

16Section XVI — MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES

8500000000ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AND PARTS THEREOF; SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, TELEVISION IMAGE AND SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, AND PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF SUCH ARTICLES

8528520000Other monitors

8528590000Other

8528590090Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty14.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

14.000 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-14.0 pp	-14.0 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-14.0 pp	-14.0 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-14.0 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-14.0 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-14.0 ppESA Interim EPA	-14.0 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-14.0 ppSADC EPA	-14.0 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-14.0 pp	-14.0 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-14.0 ppEverything But Arms	-14.0 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-14.0 ppEEA Agreement	-14.0 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Airworthiness tariff suspension(1)

inherited from 8528000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 1517/182018-11-01

1 certificate(s) required

C119Other certificates

Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1 (Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012), or equivalent certificate

Measure not applicable

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 8500000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Supplementary unit(1)

inherited from 8528000000

ERGA OMNES

NARRegulation 2658/872008-01-01

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872017-01-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

Import control(2)

inherited from 8500000000

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

Import control -restricted goods & technologies(1)

inherited from 8528590000

North Korea

Regulation 1509/172017-09-01

1 certificate(s) required

Y920Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure

Import/export not allowed after control

CD995If the declared goods are described in the footnotes linked to the measure, export/import is not allowed.

DU597Goods 8A002d from the dual use list.

Import prohibition(1)

inherited from 8500000000

North Korea

—Regulation 0285/182018-02-28

TM884Goods from the Annex XIh of Regulation (EU) 2018/285 (Machinery and electrical equipment)

Start date: 2017-01-01

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

8528590020: Frame-mounted LCD colour video monitor assembly with touch screen, printed circuit board with drive circuitry and power supply, for permanent incorporation or m
8528590030: Electronic device with LCD touch screen, 12 V to 14,4 V, LCD control processor, GPS, Bluetooth and radio tuner modules, and USB port, for use in manufacturing

Classification tips

Other goods of subheading 85285900 that are not this specific monitor assembly
Other goods of subheading 85285900 that are not this specific electronic device

Associated BTIs

CJEU Case Law

Regulatory notes

NENC85288528 62 00 to 8528 69 80

Non-preferential origin

specific

Monitors and projectors, not

Residual rule

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Other (8528590090)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Other is 14.000 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Other (8528590090)?

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Other (8528590090)?

Yes, 3 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Other (8528590090)?

301 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 8528590090?

TARIC code 8528590090 (Other) covers the following products: Monitor not incorporating television reception apparatus, Projector not incorporating television reception apparatus.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Additional noteAdditional Notes to Chapter 85

1. For the purposes of subheading 8528 42 and 8528 52, 'capable of directly receiving and processing computer data signals' refers to monitors or projectors which receive digital signals from an automatic data processing machine via a standard connector (for example DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort, USB-C or VGA). 2. For the purposes of subheading 8528 52, 'capable of directly connecting to and designed for use with an automatic data processing machine of heading 8471' includes monitors with a display diagonal not exceeding 71.12 cm (28 inches), or having a pixel resolution of 1 920 x 1 080 or greater and at least one connector of a type typically used with automatic data processing machines (for example DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort, USB-C). 3. Subheading 8528 62 covers only projectors not capable of receiving a broadcast signal. Projectors which can receive and display broadcast television signals fall under subheading 8528 69 or 8528 72.

Chapter noteChapter 85 — Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; Sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles

This chapter does not cover: electrically warmed blankets, bed pads, etc. (heading 6301), glass of heading 7011 or 7014, furniture of Chapter 94, or toys/games of Chapter 95. Note 2 (Parts): Parts suitable for use solely or principally with a particular kind of article are classified with that article; parts equally suitable for two or more articles of this chapter are classified in heading 8538 or 8548. Heading 8523 covers all media for the recording of sound or other phenomena, including unrecorded media, and also covers recorded media such as software, data, sound recordings, and digital content regardless of whether the recording is permanent or temporary. Heading 8542 covers monolithic integrated circuits (MICs), hybrid integrated circuits (HICs), and electronic microassemblies. Printed circuit assemblies consisting of one or more printed circuits of heading 8534 with mounted components are classified in heading 8534 if they do not form a complete article, otherwise they follow the relevant heading for the complete article.

Section noteNotes to Section XVI — Machinery and mechanical appliances; Electrical equipment; Parts thereof; Sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles

1. This Section does not cover: (a) transmission or conveyor belts or belting of plastics of Chapter 39, or of vulcanised rubber (heading 4010), or other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber, for technical uses (heading 4016); (b) articles of leather or of composition leather (heading 4205) or of furskin (heading 4303), of a kind used in machinery or mechanical appliances or for other technical uses; (c) bobbins, spools, cops, cones, cores, reels or similar supports, of any material (for example, Chapter 39, 40, 44 or Section XV); (d) perforated cards for Jacquard or similar machines (for example, Chapter 39 or 48 or Section XV); (e) transmission or conveyor belts or belting of textile material (heading 5910) or other articles of textile material for technical uses (heading 5911); (f) precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed) of headings 7102 to 7104, or articles wholly of such stones of heading 7116, except unmounted worked sapphires and diamonds for styli (heading 8522); (g) parts of general use, as defined in Note 2 to Section XV, of base metal (Section XV) or similar goods of plastics (Chapter 39); (h) drill pipe (heading 7304); (ij) endless bands of metal wire or strip (Section XV); (k) articles of Chapter 82 or 83; (l) articles of Section XVII; (m) articles of Chapter 90; (n) clocks, watches or other articles of Chapter 91; (o) interchangeable tools of heading 8207 or brushes of a kind used as parts of machines (heading 9603); similar interchangeable tools are to be classified according to the constituent material of their working part; (p) articles of Chapter 95; (q) typewriter or similar ribbons, whether or not on spools or in cartridges (heading 9612), or monopods, bipods, tripods and similar articles of heading 9620. 2. Subject to Note 1 to this Section, Note 1 to Chapter 84 and Note 1 to Chapter 85, parts of machines (not being parts of the articles of heading 8484, 8544, 8545, 8546 or 8547) are to be classified according to the following rules: (a) parts which are goods included in any of the headings of Chapter 84 or 85 (other than headings 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8487, 8503, 8522, 8529, 8538 and 8548) are in all cases to be classified in their respective headings; (b) other parts, if suitable for use solely or principally with a particular kind of machine, or with a number of machines of the same heading, are to be classified with the machines of that kind or in heading 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8503, 8522, 8529 or 8538 as appropriate; however, parts which are equally suitable for use principally with the goods of headings 8517 and 8525 to 8528 are to be classified in heading 8517; (c) all other parts are to be classified in heading 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8503, 8522, 8529 or 8538 as appropriate or, failing that, in heading 8487 or 8548. 3. Unless the context otherwise requires, composite machines consisting of two or more machines fitted together to form a whole and other machines designed for the purpose of performing two or more complementary or alternative functions are to be classified as if consisting only of that component or as being that machine which performs the principal function. 4. Where a machine (including a combination of machines) consists of individual components (whether separate or interconnected by piping, by transmission devices, by electric cables or by other devices) intended to contribute together to a clearly defined function covered by one of the headings in Chapter 84 or Chapter 85, then the whole is to be classified in the heading appropriate to that function. 5. For the purposes of these Notes, the expression 'machine' means any machine, machinery, plant, equipment, apparatus or appliance cited in the headings of Chapter 84 or 85.

Trade Statistics

Imports

€0

14.1M PST

Exports

€0

8.2M PST

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€138.43/PST

(€89.43/kg)

Export €/kg

€255.27/PST

(€130.72/kg)

Market concentration (HHI)

2,839

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€678.2M	13.4Mt	€50.45/kg	43.6%
2	🇯🇵 Japan	€351.8M	755Kt	€466.21/kg	22.6%
3	🇺🇸 United States	€232.3M	933Kt	€249.10/kg	14.9%
4	🇲🇾 Malaysia	€200.3M	439Kt	€455.86/kg	12.9%
5	🇰🇷 South Korea	€92.2M	1.2Mt	€79.44/kg	5.9%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€375.4M	2.8Mt	€136.36/kg	28.1%
2	🇲🇦 Morocco	€347.6M	2.4Mt	€143.22/kg	26.0%
3	🇺🇸 United States	€292.0M	1.1Mt	€263.23/kg	21.8%
4	🇹🇷 Turkey	€225.6M	1.6Mt	€138.01/kg	16.9%
5	🇧🇷 Brazil	€73.2M	401Kt	€182.76/kg	5.5%
6	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€23.2M	183Kt	€126.62/kg	1.7%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis

Imports

€0

14.1M PST

Exports

€0

8.2M PST

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€138.43/PST

(€89.43/kg)

Export €/kg

€255.27/PST

(€130.72/kg)

Market concentration (HHI)

2,839

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€678.2M	13.4Mt	€50.45/kg	43.6%
2	🇯🇵 Japan	€351.8M	755Kt	€466.21/kg	22.6%
3	🇺🇸 United States	€232.3M	933Kt	€249.10/kg	14.9%
4	🇲🇾 Malaysia	€200.3M	439Kt	€455.86/kg	12.9%
5	🇰🇷 South Korea	€92.2M	1.2Mt	€79.44/kg	5.9%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€375.4M	2.8Mt	€136.36/kg	28.1%
2	🇲🇦 Morocco	€347.6M	2.4Mt	€143.22/kg	26.0%
3	🇺🇸 United States	€292.0M	1.1Mt	€263.23/kg	21.8%
4	🇹🇷 Turkey	€225.6M	1.6Mt	€138.01/kg	16.9%
5	🇧🇷 Brazil	€73.2M	401Kt	€182.76/kg	5.5%
6	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€23.2M	183Kt	€126.62/kg	1.7%

EU Member States

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