Name: TARIC 8711609010 - Cycles, with pedal assistance, with an auxiliary electric motor
Creator: The Trade Hub
License: https://commission.europa.eu/legal-notice_en

8711609010 - Pedelec - Duty 6% - The Trade Hub

Hierarchy

17Section XVII — VEHICLES, AIRCRAFT, VESSELS AND ASSOCIATED TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

8700000000VEHICLES OTHER THAN RAILWAY OR TRAMWAY ROLLING STOCK, AND PARTS AND ACCESSORIES THEREOF

8711000000Motorcycles (including mopeds) and cycles fitted with an auxiliary motor, with or without side-cars; side-cars

8711600000With electric motor for propulsion

8711609000Other

8711609010Cycles, with pedal assistance, with an auxiliary electric motor

8711609090Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty6.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

6.000 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-6.0 pp	-6.0 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-6.0 pp	-6.0 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-6.0 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-6.0 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-6.0 ppESA Interim EPA	-6.0 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-6.0 ppSADC EPA	-6.0 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-6.0 pp	-6.0 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-6.0 ppEverything But Arms	-6.0 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-6.0 ppEEA Agreement	-6.0 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Definitive anti-dumping duty(110)

China

16.200 %1Regulation 0120/252025-01-25

899AZhejiang Jollo Technology Co., Ltd, Zhejiang

1 certificate(s) required

D008Anti-dumping/countervailing document16.200 %

Invoice with a signed declaration

CD883The application of the individual duty rate for this company shall be conditional upon presentation to the customs authorities of the Member States of a valid commercial invoice, in which must appear a declaration signed by an officer of the entity issuing the commercial invoice, in the following format: (1) the name and function of the official of the entity issuing the commercial invoice; (2) The following declaration: "I, the undersigned, certify that the (volume) of (product concerned) sold for export to the European Union covered by this invoice was manufactured by (company name and address) (TARIC additional code) in [country concerned]. I declare that the information provided in this invoice is complete and correct."; (3) Date and signature. If no such invoice is presented, the duty rate applicable to all other companies shall apply.

China

16.200 %1Regulation 0120/252025-01-25

89ACShenzhen Kinoway Electronic Co., Ltd

1 certificate(s) required

D008Anti-dumping/countervailing document16.200 %

Invoice with a signed declaration

Definitive countervailing duty(110)

China

17.200 %1Regulation 0114/252025-01-25

899AZhejiang Jollo Technology Co., Ltd, Zhejiang

1 certificate(s) required

D008Anti-dumping/countervailing document17.200 %

Invoice with a signed declaration

CD828The application of the individual duty rate for this company shall be conditional upon presentation to the customs authorities of the Member States of a valid commercial invoice, in which must appear a declaration signed by an officer of the entity issuing the commercial invoice, in the following format: (1) the name and function of the official of the entity issuing the commercial invoice; (2) The following declaration: "I, the undersigned, certify that the (volume) of electric bicycles sold for export to the European Union covered by this invoice was manufactured by (company name and address) (TARIC additional code) in the People's Republic of China. I declare that the information provided in this invoice is complete and correct."; (3) Date and signature. If no such invoice is presented, the duty rate applicable to all other companies shall apply.

China

17.200 %1Regulation 0114/252025-01-25

89ACShenzhen Kinoway Electronic Co., Ltd

1 certificate(s) required

D008Anti-dumping/countervailing document17.200 %

Invoice with a signed declaration

Anti-dumping/countervailing control(1)

Türkiye

—Decision 0142/962018-07-19

EU-Turkey Customs Union(since 1995)

TM303Anti-dumping/countervailing measures continue to apply to goods originating in the countries concerned even if imported from Türkiye.

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 8711609000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Supplementary unit(1)

inherited from 8711000000

ERGA OMNES

NARRegulation 2658/872008-01-01

Anti-dumping/countervailing statistic(1)

ERGA OMNES

—Regulation 1036/162017-10-20

Except:CN(China)

Import control(2)

inherited from 8700000000

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

CD967I. According to Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014, it shall be prohibited to import into European Union goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol. The prohibition shall not apply in respect of goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. II. According to the Council Regulation (EU) 692/2014, the export of goods and technologies suited for use in the sectors of transport; telecommunications; energy; prospection, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources is prohibited: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Crimea or Sevastopol, or (b) for use in Crimea or Sevastopol.

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

CD860According to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263 (OJ L42I, p. 77): I. It shall be prohibited to import into the European Union goods originating in non-government controlled areas of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine. The import prohibitions not apply in respect of: (a) the execution until 24 May 2022 of trade contracts concluded before 23 February 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the natural or legal person, entity or body seeking to perform the contract has notified, at least 10 working days in advance, the activity or transaction to the competent authority of the Member State in which they are established; (b) goods originating in the specified territories which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. II. It shall be prohibited to sell, supply, transfer or export goods and technology listed in Annex II to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in the specified territories, or (b) for use in the specified territories. Annex II shall include certain goods and technologies suited for use in the following key sectors: (i) transport; (ii) telecommunications; (iii) energy; (iv) the prospecting, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources. The prohibitions in point II above shall be without prejudice to the execution until 24 August 2022 of an obligation arising from a contract concluded before 23 February 2022, or from ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the competent authority has been informed at least five working days in advance.

Import control -waste(1)

inherited from 8711000000

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 1157/242026-05-21

6 certificate(s) required

C672Other certificates

Information document accompanying shipments of waste as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 18 and Annex VII

C669Other certificates

Notification document as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 - Article 5 and Annex IA

Y923Particular provisions

Product not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

C672Other certificates

Information document accompanying shipments of waste as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 18 and Annex VII

C670Other certificates

Movement document as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 5 and Annex IB

Y923Particular provisions

Product not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

Import/export not allowed after control

CD572The wastes mentioned in Article 4 (paragraphs 1 and 2) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 shall be subject to the procedure of prior written notification and consent.

CD573The wastes mentioned in Article 4(paragraph 4) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 shall be subjected to the general information requirements laid down in Article 18 of the same Regulation, if the amount of waste shipped exceeds 20 kg.

CD574If the wastes listed in Annex III (green list) display certain hazardous characteristics, the relevant provisions shall apply as if these wastes had been listed in Annex IV (amber list). Article 4 (paragraph 2 letter e) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157.

CD577By way of derogation from Article 4(1) and (2), shipments of waste explicitly destined for laboratory aalysis or experimental treatment trials to assess either the physical or chemical characteristics of the waste or to determine its suitability for recovery or disposal shall be subject to the general information requirements laid down in Article 18 where all of the following conditions are fulfilled: (a) the quantity of waste does not exceed the quantity reasonably needed to perform the analysis or trial in each particular case, but not more than 250 kg or any larger quantity agreed on a case-by- case basis by the competent authorities of dispatch and destination and the person who arranges the shipment; (b) in the event a quantity higher than 250 kg is requested by the person who arranges the shipment, that person shall provide the information contained in Annex VII, to the extent possible, to the competent authorities of dispatch and destination together with the reasoned explanation why such a larger quantity is needed to perform the analysis or trial. Article 4 (paragraph 5) - Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

Import control -fluorinated greenhouse gases(1)

inherited from 8711000000

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 0573/242025-06-25

4 certificate(s) required

Y152Particular provisions

Exemption from import prohibition, granted for repair or servicing of existing equipment, according to the second paragraph of Article 11.1 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573

Y986Particular provisions

Exemption from import prohibition according to Article 11.1 and 11.2 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573

Y160Particular provisions

Goods other than those falling under the applicable provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/573

Y169Particular provisions

Products and equipment, including parts (excluding military and repair exemption) listed in Annex IV containing F-gases or relies upon F-gases not subject to prohibition as imposed by Article 11.1. (Reg 2024/573).

Import/export not allowed after control

CD917By virtue of Article 4(6) of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the placing on the market of fluorinated greenhouse gases shall be prohibited, unless importers provide evidence that any trifluoromethane, produced as a by-product during the production process of the fluorinated greenhouse gases has been destroyed or recovered for subsequent use, using best available techniques. By virtue of Article 11.1. of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the placing on the market of products and equipment, including parts thereof, listed in Annex IV, with an exemption for military equipment, shall be prohibited from the date specified in that Annex. By virtue of Article 11.1 sub paragraph 2 (a)(b), (c) of Regulation (I) 2024/573, the placing on the market of parts of products and equipment required for repair and servicing of existing equipment listed in Annex IV shall be allowed. By virtue of Article 11.3. of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the placing on the market of non-refillable containers for fluorinated greenhouse gases listed in Annex I and in Section 1 of Annex II, empty, or fully or partially filled, shall be prohibited. By virtue of Article 11.4 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, undertakings which place on the market refillable containers for fluorinated greenhouse gases shall produce a declaration of conformity that includes evidence confirming that there are binding arrangements in place for the return of those containers for the purpose of refilling, in particular identifying the relevant actors, their obligatory commitments and the relevant logistical arrangements. By virtue of Article 12 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the following products and equipment that contain fluorinated greenhouse gases or whose functioning relies upon those gases shall only be placed on the market if they are labelled as: (a) refrigeration equipment ; (b) air-conditioning equipment ; (c) heat pumps ; (d) fire protection equipment ; (e) electrical switchgear ; (f) aerosol dispenser that contain fluorinated greenhouse gases, including metered dose inhalers; (g) all fluorinated greenhouse gas containers ; (h) fluorinated greenhouse gas-based solvents ; or (i) organic Rankine cycles. By virtue of Article 16 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the placing on the market of hydrofluorocarbons shall be allowed only to the extent that importers have been allocated quota by the Commission as set out in Article 17. By virtue of Article 19.1 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, heat pumps and metered dose inhalers pre-charged with substances listed in Section 1 of Annex I shall not be placed on the market unless those substances with which the products or equipment have been pre-charged are accounted for within the quota system. By virtue of Article 19.2 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the placing on the market of goods falling under the provisions of Article 19.1 shall be subject to the presentation of a declaration of conformity. By virtue of Article 19.6 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, undertakings that placed on the market less than 10 tonnes of CO2 equivalent of hydrofluorocarbons, per year, contained in the products or equipment referred to in Article 19.1 shall be exempted from the provisions of Article 19. By virtue of Article 20.4 of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the undertakings shall have a valid registration in the F-gas Portal prior to carrying out any of the activities listed in points (a) to (g). By virtue of Article 23.3 (a) of Regulation (EU) 2024/573, the F-gas Portal registration identification number shall be declared. The information listed in Article 23.3(a) to (d) of Regulation (EU) 2024/573 shall be provided to customs authorities, where relevant, in the customs declaration.

Import control -luxury goods(1)

inherited from 8711000000

North Korea

Regulation 2062/172018-02-01

3 certificate(s) required

Y945Particular provisions

Travellers' personal effects or goods of a non-commercial nature for travellers' personal use contained in their luggage (Art 10.2 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1509)

Y946Particular provisions

Goods necessary for the official purposes of diplomatic or consular missions of Member States in the DPRK or international organisations enjoying immunities in accordance with international law, or to the personal effects of their staff (Art 10.3 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1509)

Y948Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in Annex VIII (Luxury goods) of Reg. (EU) 2017/1509

Import/export not allowed after control

CD203The prohibition shall not apply to travellers' personal effects or to goods of a non-commercial nature for travellers' personal use contained in their luggage (Art 10.2 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1509)

CD223The prohibition shall not apply to goods which are necessary for the official purposes of diplomatic or consular missions of Member States in the DPRK or of international organisations enjoying immunities in accordance with international law, or to the personal effects of their staff (Art 10.3 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1509).

CD995If the declared goods are described in the footnotes linked to the measure, export/import is not allowed.

TM684Goods from the list of luxury goods referred to in Article 10 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1509

Restriction on entry into free circulation(4)

inherited from 8700000000

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4048Means of transport more than 75 years old

TM570The following shall be prohibited: a) the import of or the introduction into the territory of the Community of, and b) the dealing in, Iraqi cultural property and other items of archaeological, historical, cultural, rare scientific and religious importance, if they have been illegally removed from locations in Iraq, in particular, if: i) the items form an integral part of either the public collections listed in the inventories of Iraqi museums, archives or libraries' conservation collection, or the inventories of Iraqi religious institutions, or ii) there exists reasonable suspicion that the goods have been removed from Iraq without the consent of their legitimate owner or have been removed in breach of Iraq's laws and regulations. These prohibitions shall not apply if it is shown that either: a) the cultural items were exported from Iraq prior to 6 August 1990; or b) the cultural items are being returned to Iraqi institutions in accordance with the objective of safe return as set out in paragraph 7 of UNSC Resolution 1483 (2003).

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4099Other than those mentioned in Regulation (EC) no 1210/2003 (OJ L 169): no restrictions

Syria

—Regulation 1332/132025-05-29

4048Means of transport more than 75 years old

TM572It shall be prohibited to import, export, or transfer Syrian cultural property goods and other goods of archaeological, historical, cultural, rare scientific or religious importance, including those listed in Annex XI of Council Regulation (EU) No 36/2012, where there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the goods have been removed from Syria without the consent of their legitimate owner or have been removed in breach of Syrian law or international law, in particular if the goods form an integral part of either the public collections listed in the inventories of the conservation collections of Syrian museums, archives or libraries, or the inventories of Syrian religious institutions. The prohibition shall not apply if it is demonstrated that: (a) the goods were exported from Syria prior to 9 May 2011; or (b) the goods are being safely returned to their legitimate owners in Syria.

Syria

—Regulation 1332/132025-05-29

4098Other than those mentioned in Regulation (EC) no 1332/2013 (OJ L 335): no restrictions

Start date: 2017-10-20

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

8711609090: Electric propulsion, but not described as a cycle with pedal assistance

Classification tips

Cycle with pedal assistance and auxiliary electric motor

Typical uses

Pedal assistance

Sample products

Cycle with pedal assistance and auxiliary electric motor

Regulatory notes

NENC87116090

Other The explanatory note to subheading 8711 60 10 applies, mutatis mutandis, to cycles, with pedal assistance, with an auxiliary electric motor. 8712 00 Bicycles and other cycles (including delivery tricycles), not motorised This heading includes incomplete bicycles that have the essential characteristics of complete bicycles (general rule 2(a) for the interpretation of the Combined Nomenclature). An incomplete bicycle, whether or not assembled, is to be classified under heading 8712 00 if it consists of the frame, the fork and at least two of the following components:

Additional noteAdditional Notes to Chapter 87

1. For the purposes of heading 8702, 'vehicles for the transport of 10 or more persons' means vehicles designed to carry at least 10 persons, including the driver. 2. For the purposes of subheadings 8703 21 to 8703 24 and 8703 31 to 8703 33, the cylinder capacity of the motor is determined: (a) for spark-ignition engines (petrol), by the swept volume expressed in cm3; (b) for compression-ignition engines (diesel or semi-diesel), by the swept volume expressed in cm3. Where the propulsion is provided by both an internal combustion piston engine and one or more electric motors, the cylinder capacity of the internal combustion piston engine determines the relevant subheading. 3. For the purposes of subheadings 8703 40, 8703 50, 8703 60, 8703 70 and 8703 80, 'plug-in hybrid electric vehicles' means vehicles powered by both an internal combustion piston engine and an electric motor used as the alternative power for vehicle propulsion which may be charged by plugging in to an external source of electric power.

Non-preferential origin

split_heading

Motorcycles (including mopeds) and cycles fitted with an auxiliary motor, with or without side-cars; side-cars.

As specified for subheadings

Residual rule

Where the country of origin cannot be determined by application of the primary rules, the country of origin of the goods shall be the country in which the major portion of the materials originated, as determined on the basis of the value of the materials.

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Cycles, with pedal assistance, with an auxiliary electric motor (8711609010)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Cycles, with pedal assistance, with an auxiliary electric motor is 6.000 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Cycles, with pedal assistance, with an auxiliary electric motor (8711609010)?

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Cycles, with pedal assistance, with an auxiliary electric motor (8711609010)?

Yes, 5 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Cycles, with pedal assistance, with an auxiliary electric motor (8711609010)?

5 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

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#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€3.9B	332.9Mt	€11.73/kg	89.4%
2	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€199.0M	2.0Mt	€98.89/kg	4.6%
3	🇹🇼 Taiwan	€186.8M	3.7Mt	€51.19/kg	4.3%
4	🇺🇸 United States	€29.6M	800Kt	€36.95/kg	0.7%
5	🇮🇳 India	€27.7M	849Kt	€32.61/kg	0.6%
6	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€10.9M	244Kt	€44.80/kg	0.3%
7	🇲🇽 Mexico	€10.9M	180Kt	€60.57/kg	0.2%

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€185.9M	3.0Mt	€61.75/kg	31.0%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€175.2M	4.3Mt	€40.39/kg	29.2%
3	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€146.7M	3.4Mt	€42.74/kg	24.4%
4	🇳🇴 Norway	€50.7M	2.1Mt	€24.06/kg	8.4%
5	🇹🇷 Turkey	€33.2M	1.1Mt	€31.00/kg	5.5%
6	🇦🇺 Australia	€8.7M	166Kt	€52.15/kg	1.4%

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€3.9B	332.9Mt	€11.73/kg	89.4%
2	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€199.0M	2.0Mt	€98.89/kg	4.6%
3	🇹🇼 Taiwan	€186.8M	3.7Mt	€51.19/kg	4.3%
4	🇺🇸 United States	€29.6M	800Kt	€36.95/kg	0.7%
5	🇮🇳 India	€27.7M	849Kt	€32.61/kg	0.6%
6	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€10.9M	244Kt	€44.80/kg	0.3%
7	🇲🇽 Mexico	€10.9M	180Kt	€60.57/kg	0.2%

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€185.9M	3.0Mt	€61.75/kg	31.0%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€175.2M	4.3Mt	€40.39/kg	29.2%
3	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€146.7M	3.4Mt	€42.74/kg	24.4%
4	🇳🇴 Norway	€50.7M	2.1Mt	€24.06/kg	8.4%
5	🇹🇷 Turkey	€33.2M	1.1Mt	€31.00/kg	5.5%
6	🇦🇺 Australia	€8.7M	166Kt	€52.15/kg	1.4%

Cycles, with pedal assistance, with an auxiliary electric motor

Hierarchy

Duties & Measures

Description & Classification

Regulatory notes

Non-preferential origin

FAQ

Help

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Hierarchy

Duties & Measures

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Associated BTIs

CJEU Case Law

Regulatory notes

Non-preferential origin

FAQ

Help

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Associated BTIs

Trade Statistics

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Export markets

EU Member States

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Export markets

EU Member States

CJEU Case Law