Hierarchy

18Section XVIII — OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC, CINEMATOGRAPHIC, MEASURING, CHECKING, PRECISION, MEDICAL OR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

9000000000OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC, CINEMATOGRAPHIC, MEASURING, CHECKING, PRECISION, MEDICAL OR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS; PARTS AND ACCESSORIES THEREOF

9018000000Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences, including scintigraphic apparatus, other electromedical apparatus and sight-testing instruments

9018500000Other ophthalmic instruments and appliances

9018501000Non-optical

9018509000Optical

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty0.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

0.000 %

Preferential rates(44)

+34

Preferential rates - 44 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %	—	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %EU-CARIFORUM EPA	—	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %ESA Interim EPA	—	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %SADC EPA	—	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %	—	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %Everything But Arms	—	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %EEA Agreement	—	EEA Agreement	1
GSP+2027 0.000 %GSP+ Enhanced Arrangement	—	GSP+ Enhanced Arrangement

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 9000000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

inherited from 9018000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872016-07-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

EU003According to The Special Provisions of Section II (A) (3) of the Preliminary Provisions of the Combined Nomenclature the suspension of customs duties for goods for certain categories of ships, boats and other vessels and for drilling or production platforms shall be subject to conditions laid down in the relevant provisions of the European Union with a view to customs control of the use of such goods.

TM5101. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of goods intended for incorporation in the ships, boats or other vessels classified at the following CN codes 8901 10 10; 8901 20 10; 8901 30 10; 8901 90 10; 8902 00 10; 8903 91 10; 8903 92 10; 8904 00 10; 8904 00 91; 8905 10 10; 8905 90 10; 8906 10 00; 8906 90 10 for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for fitting to or equipping such ships, boats or other vessels. 2. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of: (a) goods intended for incorporation in drilling or production platforms: (1) fixed, of subheading ex 8430 49, operating in or outside the territorial sea of Member States, or (2) floating or submersible, of subheading 8905 20, for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for equipping the said platforms. (b) tubes, pipes, cables and their connection pieces, linking these drilling or production platforms to the mainland.

Import control(5)

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 0267/122017-04-03

Except:IR(Iran)

3 certificate(s) required

Y949Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure (Reg 267/2012)

C067Other certificates

Import authorisation for restricted goods and technologies (Council Regulation (EU) No 267/2012)

Y069Particular provisions

Goods not consigned from Iran

Import/export not allowed after control

CD989If the goods declared are described in footnote "DU" linked to the measure a prior import authorisation must be presented for the import, purchase or transport from Iran of the goods and technology listed in Annex I, whether or not originating in Iran (R267/2012).

DU247Goods 6A005 from the dual use list.

Iran

Regulation 0267/122025-09-30

1 certificate(s) required

Y949Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure (Reg 267/2012)

Import/export not allowed after control

DU247Goods 6A005 from the dual use list.

Iran

Regulation 0267/122025-09-30

1 certificate(s) required

Y750Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Council Regulation (EC) No. 267/2012, Annex II

Import/export not allowed after control

TM01042Article 4 of Regulation (EU) No 267/2012 (consolidated version) It shall be prohibited to purchase, import or transport from Iran, directly or indirectly, the goods and technology listed in Annex II whether the item concerned originates in Iran or not.

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

CD967I. According to Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014, it shall be prohibited to import into European Union goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol. The prohibition shall not apply in respect of goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. II. According to the Council Regulation (EU) 692/2014, the export of goods and technologies suited for use in the sectors of transport; telecommunications; energy; prospection, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources is prohibited: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Crimea or Sevastopol, or (b) for use in Crimea or Sevastopol.

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

CD860According to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263 (OJ L42I, p. 77): I. It shall be prohibited to import into the European Union goods originating in non-government controlled areas of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine. The import prohibitions not apply in respect of: (a) the execution until 24 May 2022 of trade contracts concluded before 23 February 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the natural or legal person, entity or body seeking to perform the contract has notified, at least 10 working days in advance, the activity or transaction to the competent authority of the Member State in which they are established; (b) goods originating in the specified territories which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. II. It shall be prohibited to sell, supply, transfer or export goods and technology listed in Annex II to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in the specified territories, or (b) for use in the specified territories. Annex II shall include certain goods and technologies suited for use in the following key sectors: (i) transport; (ii) telecommunications; (iii) energy; (iv) the prospecting, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources. The prohibitions in point II above shall be without prejudice to the execution until 24 August 2022 of an obligation arising from a contract concluded before 23 February 2022, or from ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the competent authority has been informed at least five working days in advance.

Restriction on entry into free circulation(4)

inherited from 9000000000

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4053Optical, photographic or cinematographic apparatus, between 50 and 100 years old, other than those covered by the additional codes 4008, 4010, 4011, 4013, 4023, 4040 - 4048

TM570The following shall be prohibited: a) the import of or the introduction into the territory of the Community of, and b) the dealing in, Iraqi cultural property and other items of archaeological, historical, cultural, rare scientific and religious importance, if they have been illegally removed from locations in Iraq, in particular, if: i) the items form an integral part of either the public collections listed in the inventories of Iraqi museums, archives or libraries' conservation collection, or the inventories of Iraqi religious institutions, or ii) there exists reasonable suspicion that the goods have been removed from Iraq without the consent of their legitimate owner or have been removed in breach of Iraq's laws and regulations. These prohibitions shall not apply if it is shown that either: a) the cultural items were exported from Iraq prior to 6 August 1990; or b) the cultural items are being returned to Iraqi institutions in accordance with the objective of safe return as set out in paragraph 7 of UNSC Resolution 1483 (2003).

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4099Other than those mentioned in Regulation (EC) no 1210/2003 (OJ L 169): no restrictions

Syria

—Regulation 1332/132025-05-29

4053Optical, photographic or cinematographic apparatus, between 50 and 100 years old, other than those covered by the additional codes 4008, 4010, 4011, 4013, 4023, 4040 - 4048

TM572It shall be prohibited to import, export, or transfer Syrian cultural property goods and other goods of archaeological, historical, cultural, rare scientific or religious importance, including those listed in Annex XI of Council Regulation (EU) No 36/2012, where there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the goods have been removed from Syria without the consent of their legitimate owner or have been removed in breach of Syrian law or international law, in particular if the goods form an integral part of either the public collections listed in the inventories of the conservation collections of Syrian museums, archives or libraries, or the inventories of Syrian religious institutions. The prohibition shall not apply if it is demonstrated that: (a) the goods were exported from Syria prior to 9 May 2011; or (b) the goods are being safely returned to their legitimate owners in Syria.

Syria

—Regulation 1332/132025-05-29

4098Other than those mentioned in Regulation (EC) no 1332/2013 (OJ L 335): no restrictions

Start date: 1972-01-01

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

9018501000: the ophthalmic instrument or appliance is non-optical

Classification tips

the ophthalmic instrument or appliance is optical

Typical uses

ophthalmic
optical

Sample products

Other optical ophthalmic instruments and appliances

Regulatory notes

NENC9018Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences, including scintigraphic apparatus, other electromedical apparatus and sight-testing instruments

Additional noteAdditional Notes to Chapter 90

1. For the purposes of heading 9001, the expression 'optical fibres, optical fibre bundles and cables' means optical fibres, optical fibre bundles and cables of glass or plastics, consisting of individually sheathed fibres, whether or not assembled with electrical conductors or fitted with connectors. 2. For the purposes of subheading 9013 20 00, 'lasers' includes laser diodes but does not include laser diode assemblies of heading 8541. 3. For the purposes of heading 9025, 'hydrometers and similar floating instruments, thermometers, pyrometers, barometers, hygrometers and psychrometers' include those combined with recording devices but do not include those combined with any other instrument (for example: thermo-hygrographs combining a thermometer and hygrometer). 4. For the purposes of heading 9031, 'profile projectors' means instruments which project a magnified silhouette of a workpiece on to a screen so that the accuracy of the profile may be verified. This term does not include other optical projectors (heading 9008 or 9010).

Non-preferential origin

value_added

Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences, including scintigraphic apparatus, other electro-medical apparatus and sight-testing instruments.

CTH; or 45% value added rule

value_added

Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences, including scintigraphic apparatus, other electro-medical apparatus and sight-testing instruments.

CTH; or 45% value added rule

Residual rule

Where the country of origin cannot be determined by application of the primary rules, the country of origin of the goods shall be the country in which the major portion of the materials originated, as determined on the basis of the value of the materials.

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Optical (9018509000)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Optical is 0.000 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Optical (9018509000)?

Yes, 41 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Optical (9018509000)?

Yes, 5 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Optical (9018509000)?

38 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 9018509000?

TARIC code 9018509000 (Optical) covers the following products: Other optical ophthalmic instruments and appliances, Optical instrument for ophthalmology.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Hierarchy

18Section XVIII — OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC, CINEMATOGRAPHIC, MEASURING, CHECKING, PRECISION, MEDICAL OR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

9000000000OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC, CINEMATOGRAPHIC, MEASURING, CHECKING, PRECISION, MEDICAL OR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS; PARTS AND ACCESSORIES THEREOF

9018000000Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences, including scintigraphic apparatus, other electromedical apparatus and sight-testing instruments

9018500000Other ophthalmic instruments and appliances

9018501000Non-optical

9018509000Optical

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty0.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

0.000 %

Preferential rates(44)

+34

Preferential rates - 44 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %	—	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %EU-CARIFORUM EPA	—	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %ESA Interim EPA	—	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %SADC EPA	—	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %	—	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %Everything But Arms	—	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %EEA Agreement	—	EEA Agreement	1
GSP+2027 0.000 %GSP+ Enhanced Arrangement	—	GSP+ Enhanced Arrangement

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 9000000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

inherited from 9018000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872016-07-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

Import control(5)

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 0267/122017-04-03

Except:IR(Iran)

3 certificate(s) required

Y949Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure (Reg 267/2012)

C067Other certificates

Import authorisation for restricted goods and technologies (Council Regulation (EU) No 267/2012)

Y069Particular provisions

Goods not consigned from Iran

Import/export not allowed after control

DU247Goods 6A005 from the dual use list.

Iran

Regulation 0267/122025-09-30

1 certificate(s) required

Y949Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure (Reg 267/2012)

Import/export not allowed after control

DU247Goods 6A005 from the dual use list.

Iran

Regulation 0267/122025-09-30

1 certificate(s) required

Y750Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Council Regulation (EC) No. 267/2012, Annex II

Import/export not allowed after control

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

Restriction on entry into free circulation(4)

inherited from 9000000000

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4053Optical, photographic or cinematographic apparatus, between 50 and 100 years old, other than those covered by the additional codes 4008, 4010, 4011, 4013, 4023, 4040 - 4048

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4099Other than those mentioned in Regulation (EC) no 1210/2003 (OJ L 169): no restrictions

Syria

—Regulation 1332/132025-05-29

4053Optical, photographic or cinematographic apparatus, between 50 and 100 years old, other than those covered by the additional codes 4008, 4010, 4011, 4013, 4023, 4040 - 4048

Syria

—Regulation 1332/132025-05-29

4098Other than those mentioned in Regulation (EC) no 1332/2013 (OJ L 335): no restrictions

Start date: 1972-01-01

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

9018501000: the ophthalmic instrument or appliance is non-optical

Classification tips

the ophthalmic instrument or appliance is optical

Typical uses

ophthalmic
optical

Sample products

Other optical ophthalmic instruments and appliances

Associated BTIs

CJEU Case Law

Regulatory notes

NENC9018Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences, including scintigraphic apparatus, other electromedical apparatus and sight-testing instruments

Additional noteAdditional Notes to Chapter 90

Non-preferential origin

value_added

Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences, including scintigraphic apparatus, other electro-medical apparatus and sight-testing instruments.

CTH; or 45% value added rule

value_added

Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences, including scintigraphic apparatus, other electro-medical apparatus and sight-testing instruments.

CTH; or 45% value added rule

Residual rule

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Optical (9018509000)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Optical is 0.000 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Optical (9018509000)?

Yes, 41 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Optical (9018509000)?

Yes, 5 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Optical (9018509000)?

38 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 9018509000?

TARIC code 9018509000 (Optical) covers the following products: Other optical ophthalmic instruments and appliances, Optical instrument for ophthalmology.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Chapter noteChapter 90 — Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; Parts and accessories thereof

This chapter does not cover: articles for general technical purposes (e.g. pumps of heading 8413, metal or graphite packings of heading 8484), parts of general use as defined in Note 2 to Section XV (base metal) or similar parts of plastics (Chapter 39), transfer pumps of heading 8413, or weighing machinery of heading 8423. Note 2 (Parts and accessories): Parts and accessories which are goods included in any heading of this chapter or of Chapter 84, 85 or 91 are classified in their respective headings. Other parts and accessories solely or principally used with instruments of this chapter are classified in heading 9033. The chapter covers a very broad range from lenses and prisms (heading 9001) through microscopes, telescopes, lasers, navigational instruments, drawing instruments, measuring instruments, medical instruments, to X-ray apparatus and physical/chemical analysis instruments.

Section noteNotes to Section XVIII — Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; Clocks and watches; Musical instruments; Parts and accessories thereof

1. This Section does not cover: (a) articles of a kind used in machines, appliances or for other technical uses, of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber (heading 4016), of leather or of composition leather (heading 4205) or of textile material (heading 5911); (b) supporting belts or other support articles of textile material whose intended effect on the organ to be supported or held derives solely from their elasticity (for example, maternity belts, thoracic support bandages, abdominal support bandages, supports for joints or muscles) (Section XI); (c) refractory goods of heading 6903; ceramics for laboratory, chemical or other technical uses of heading 6909; (d) glass mirrors, not optically worked, of heading 7009, or mirrors of base metal or of precious metal, not being optical elements (heading 8306 or Chapter 71); (e) goods of heading 7007, 7008, 7011, 7014, 7015 or 7017; (f) parts of general use, as defined in Note 2 to Section XV, of base metal (Section XV) or similar goods of plastics (Chapter 39); however, articles specially designed for use exclusively as parts of specific instruments or apparatus are excluded from this category; (g) pumps, compressors and fans (heading 8413, 8414 or 8421); (h) weighing machinery (heading 8423); lifting machinery (headings 8425 to 8428); (ij) paper- or paperboard-cutting machines (heading 8441); fittings for adjusting work or tools on machine tools or water-jet cutting machines, of heading 8466, including fittings with optical devices for reading scales (e.g. 'optical' dividing heads) but not those which are in themselves essentially optical instruments (e.g. alignment telescopes); (k) articles of Chapter 95. 2. Subject to Note 1 above, parts and accessories for machines, apparatus, instruments or articles of this Section are to be classified according to the following rules: (a) parts and accessories which are goods included in any of the headings of this Section or of Section XV, XVI or XVII are in all cases to be classified in their respective headings; (b) other parts and accessories, if suitable for use solely or principally with a particular kind of machine, instrument or apparatus, or with a number of machines, instruments or apparatus of the same heading, are to be classified with the machines, instruments or apparatus of that kind; (c) all other parts and accessories are to be classified in heading 9033.

Trade Statistics

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€208.36/kg

Export €/kg

€438.78/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

2,403

Moderate

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€597.6M	3.3Mt	€181.43/kg	33.5%
2	🇯🇵 Japan	€480.6M	1.8Mt	€272.65/kg	26.9%
3	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€349.7M	998Kt	€350.56/kg	19.6%
4	🇮🇱 Israel	€206.5M	458Kt	€450.68/kg	11.6%
5	🇸🇬 Singapore	€102.9M	279Kt	€368.74/kg	5.8%
6	🇨🇳 China	€48.0M	397Kt	€120.87/kg	2.7%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€1.4B	1.6Mt	€888.16/kg	51.8%
2	🇺🇸 United States	€663.4M	1.4Mt	€485.42/kg	24.1%
3	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€286.0M	1.1Mt	€254.97/kg	10.4%
4	🇰🇷 South Korea	€174.3M	270Kt	€646.08/kg	6.3%
5	🇷🇺 Russia	€148.1M	325Kt	€456.06/kg	5.4%
6	🇮🇳 India	€56.0M	130Kt	€430.26/kg	2.0%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€208.36/kg

Export €/kg

€438.78/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

2,403

Moderate

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€597.6M	3.3Mt	€181.43/kg	33.5%
2	🇯🇵 Japan	€480.6M	1.8Mt	€272.65/kg	26.9%
3	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€349.7M	998Kt	€350.56/kg	19.6%
4	🇮🇱 Israel	€206.5M	458Kt	€450.68/kg	11.6%
5	🇸🇬 Singapore	€102.9M	279Kt	€368.74/kg	5.8%
6	🇨🇳 China	€48.0M	397Kt	€120.87/kg	2.7%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€1.4B	1.6Mt	€888.16/kg	51.8%
2	🇺🇸 United States	€663.4M	1.4Mt	€485.42/kg	24.1%
3	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€286.0M	1.1Mt	€254.97/kg	10.4%
4	🇰🇷 South Korea	€174.3M	270Kt	€646.08/kg	6.3%
5	🇷🇺 Russia	€148.1M	325Kt	€456.06/kg	5.4%
6	🇮🇳 India	€56.0M	130Kt	€430.26/kg	2.0%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis