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90Chapter

27Heading

30Subheading

00CN

00TARIC

Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR)

OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC, CINEMATOGRAPHIC, MEASURING, CHECKING, PRECISION, MEDICAL OR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS > OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC, CINEMATOGRAPHIC, MEASURING, CHECKING, PRECISION, MEDICAL OR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS; PARTS AND ACCESSORIES THEREOF > Instruments and apparatus for physical or chemical analysis (for example, polarimeters, refractometers, spectrometers, gas or smoke analysis apparatus); instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking viscosity, porosity, expansion, surface tension or the like; instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking quantities of heat, sound or light (including exposure meters); microtomes > Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR)

Hierarchy

18Section XVIII — OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC, CINEMATOGRAPHIC, MEASURING, CHECKING, PRECISION, MEDICAL OR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

9000000000OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC, CINEMATOGRAPHIC, MEASURING, CHECKING, PRECISION, MEDICAL OR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS; PARTS AND ACCESSORIES THEREOF

9027000000Instruments and apparatus for physical or chemical analysis (for example, polarimeters, refractometers, spectrometers, gas or smoke analysis apparatus); instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking viscosity, porosity, expansion, surface tension or the like; instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking quantities of heat, sound or light (including exposure meters); microtomes

1 other codes

9027100000Gas or smoke analysis apparatus

9027200000Chromatographs and electrophoresis instruments

9027300000Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR)

9027500000Other instruments and apparatus using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR)

2 other codes

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty0.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

0.000 %

Preferential rates(45)

+35

Preferential rates - 45 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %	—	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %EU-CARIFORUM EPA	—	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %ESA Interim EPA	—	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %SADC EPA	—	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %	—	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %Everything But Arms	—	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %EEA Agreement	—	EEA Agreement	1
GSP+2027 0.000 %GSP+ Enhanced Arrangement	—	GSP+ Enhanced Arrangement

Airworthiness tariff suspension(1)

inherited from 9027000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 1517/182018-11-01

1 certificate(s) required

C119Other certificates

Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1 (Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012), or equivalent certificate

Measure not applicable

CD333The autonomous Common Customs Tariff duties laid down in Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 for parts, components and other goods of a kind to be incorporated in or used for aircraft and parts thereof in the course of their manufacture, repair, maintenance, rebuilding, modification or conversion is suspended. In order to benefit from the suspension, the declarant shall present to the customs authorities an Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1, as set out in Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, or an equivalent certificate. The certificates which are deemed to be equivalent to Authorised Release Certificates are listed in Annex II to the Regulation (EU) 2018/1517.

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 9000000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Import control(7)

inherited from 9027000000

Belarus

Regulation 0765/062025-02-25

5 certificate(s) required

Y727Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 3)

Y728Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 4)

L153Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 11 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

L152Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 10 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

Y870Particular provisions

Goods entered the territory of the customs union of the EU and presented to customs authorities prior to the entry into force or to applicability date of the present sanction, whichever is latest (see Article 8f of Regulation (EU) No 765/2006)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD925It shall be prohibited to purchase, import, or transfer into the Union, directly or indirectly, goods which allow Belarus to diversify its sources of revenue, thereby enabling its involvement in the Russian aggression against Ukraine, as listed in Annex XXVII, if they originate in Belarus or are exported from Belarus. Article 1ra - Regulation (EU) 765/2006 (COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) 2024/1865)

Iran

Regulation 0267/122025-09-30

1 certificate(s) required

Y750Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Council Regulation (EC) No. 267/2012, Annex II

Import/export not allowed after control

TM01042Article 4 of Regulation (EU) No 267/2012 (consolidated version) It shall be prohibited to purchase, import or transport from Iran, directly or indirectly, the goods and technology listed in Annex II whether the item concerned originates in Iran or not.

Import control -restricted goods & technologies(1)

North Korea

Regulation 1509/172017-09-01

1 certificate(s) required

Y920Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure

Import/export not allowed after control

CD995If the declared goods are described in the footnotes linked to the measure, export/import is not allowed.

DU159Goods 2B351 from the dual use list.

DU658Goods 1A004 from the dual use list.

Restriction on entry into free circulation(4)

inherited from 9000000000

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4053Optical, photographic or cinematographic apparatus, between 50 and 100 years old, other than those covered by the additional codes 4008, 4010, 4011, 4013, 4023, 4040 - 4048

TM570The following shall be prohibited: a) the import of or the introduction into the territory of the Community of, and b) the dealing in, Iraqi cultural property and other items of archaeological, historical, cultural, rare scientific and religious importance, if they have been illegally removed from locations in Iraq, in particular, if: i) the items form an integral part of either the public collections listed in the inventories of Iraqi museums, archives or libraries' conservation collection, or the inventories of Iraqi religious institutions, or ii) there exists reasonable suspicion that the goods have been removed from Iraq without the consent of their legitimate owner or have been removed in breach of Iraq's laws and regulations. These prohibitions shall not apply if it is shown that either: a) the cultural items were exported from Iraq prior to 6 August 1990; or b) the cultural items are being returned to Iraqi institutions in accordance with the objective of safe return as set out in paragraph 7 of UNSC Resolution 1483 (2003).

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4099Other than those mentioned in Regulation (EC) no 1210/2003 (OJ L 169): no restrictions

Syria

—Regulation 1332/132025-05-29

4053Optical, photographic or cinematographic apparatus, between 50 and 100 years old, other than those covered by the additional codes 4008, 4010, 4011, 4013, 4023, 4040 - 4048

TM572It shall be prohibited to import, export, or transfer Syrian cultural property goods and other goods of archaeological, historical, cultural, rare scientific or religious importance, including those listed in Annex XI of Council Regulation (EU) No 36/2012, where there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the goods have been removed from Syria without the consent of their legitimate owner or have been removed in breach of Syrian law or international law, in particular if the goods form an integral part of either the public collections listed in the inventories of the conservation collections of Syrian museums, archives or libraries, or the inventories of Syrian religious institutions. The prohibition shall not apply if it is demonstrated that: (a) the goods were exported from Syria prior to 9 May 2011; or (b) the goods are being safely returned to their legitimate owners in Syria.

Syria

—Regulation 1332/132025-05-29

4098Other than those mentioned in Regulation (EC) no 1332/2013 (OJ L 335): no restrictions

Start date: 1972-01-01

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

9027810000: Mass spectrometer
9027200000: Chromatograph or electrophoresis instrument

Classification tips

Spectrometer, spectrophotometer or spectrograph using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR)

Typical uses

physical or chemical analysis

Sample products

UV-Vis spectrophotometer for physical or chemical analysis

Regulatory notes

NENC90273000

Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR) This subheading includes microprocessor-controlled electronic devices (multichannel optical analysers) for measuring and analysing the wavelengths of optical signals for spectral analyses. The wavelengths of the optical signals, measured by detectors, are converted into digital electrical signals and compared with reference values (analysed). The result of the comparison is evaluated by computer and displayed on external monitors which can be connected up to the equipment.

NENC9027Instruments and apparatus for physical or chemical analysis (for example, polarimeters, refractometers, spectrometers, gas or smoke analysis apparatus); instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking viscosity, porosity, expansion, surface tension or the like; instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking quantities of heat, sound or light (including exposure meters); microtomes

Non-preferential origin

specific

Instruments for physical or chemical analysis

CTH or 45% value

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR) (9027300000)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR) is 0.000 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR) (9027300000)?

Yes, 42 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR) (9027300000)?

Yes, 8 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR) (9027300000)?

137 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

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Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Hierarchy

18Section XVIII — OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC, CINEMATOGRAPHIC, MEASURING, CHECKING, PRECISION, MEDICAL OR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

9000000000OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC, CINEMATOGRAPHIC, MEASURING, CHECKING, PRECISION, MEDICAL OR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS; PARTS AND ACCESSORIES THEREOF

1 other codes

9027100000Gas or smoke analysis apparatus

9027200000Chromatographs and electrophoresis instruments

9027300000Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR)

9027500000Other instruments and apparatus using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR)

2 other codes

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty0.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

0.000 %

Preferential rates(45)

+35

Preferential rates - 45 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %	—	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %EU-CARIFORUM EPA	—	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %ESA Interim EPA	—	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %SADC EPA	—	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %	—	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %Everything But Arms	—	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %EEA Agreement	—	EEA Agreement	1
GSP+2027 0.000 %GSP+ Enhanced Arrangement	—	GSP+ Enhanced Arrangement

Airworthiness tariff suspension(1)

inherited from 9027000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 1517/182018-11-01

1 certificate(s) required

C119Other certificates

Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1 (Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012), or equivalent certificate

Measure not applicable

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 9000000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Import control(7)

inherited from 9027000000

Belarus

Regulation 0765/062025-02-25

5 certificate(s) required

Y727Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 3)

Y728Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 4)

L153Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 11 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

L152Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 10 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

Y870Particular provisions

Import/export not allowed after control

Iran

Regulation 0267/122025-09-30

1 certificate(s) required

Y750Particular provisions

The declared goods are not concerned by Council Regulation (EC) No. 267/2012, Annex II

Import/export not allowed after control

Import control -restricted goods & technologies(1)

North Korea

Regulation 1509/172017-09-01

1 certificate(s) required

Y920Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure

Import/export not allowed after control

CD995If the declared goods are described in the footnotes linked to the measure, export/import is not allowed.

DU159Goods 2B351 from the dual use list.

DU658Goods 1A004 from the dual use list.

Restriction on entry into free circulation(4)

inherited from 9000000000

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4053Optical, photographic or cinematographic apparatus, between 50 and 100 years old, other than those covered by the additional codes 4008, 4010, 4011, 4013, 4023, 4040 - 4048

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4099Other than those mentioned in Regulation (EC) no 1210/2003 (OJ L 169): no restrictions

Syria

—Regulation 1332/132025-05-29

4053Optical, photographic or cinematographic apparatus, between 50 and 100 years old, other than those covered by the additional codes 4008, 4010, 4011, 4013, 4023, 4040 - 4048

Syria

—Regulation 1332/132025-05-29

4098Other than those mentioned in Regulation (EC) no 1332/2013 (OJ L 335): no restrictions

Start date: 1972-01-01

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

9027810000: Mass spectrometer
9027200000: Chromatograph or electrophoresis instrument

Classification tips

Spectrometer, spectrophotometer or spectrograph using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR)

Typical uses

physical or chemical analysis

Sample products

UV-Vis spectrophotometer for physical or chemical analysis

Associated BTIs

CJEU Case Law

Regulatory notes

NENC90273000

Non-preferential origin

specific

Instruments for physical or chemical analysis

CTH or 45% value

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR) (9027300000)?

Are there tariff preferences for Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR) (9027300000)?

Yes, 42 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR) (9027300000)?

Yes, 8 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR) (9027300000)?

137 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Additional noteAdditional Notes to Chapter 90

1. For the purposes of heading 9001, the expression 'optical fibres, optical fibre bundles and cables' means optical fibres, optical fibre bundles and cables of glass or plastics, consisting of individually sheathed fibres, whether or not assembled with electrical conductors or fitted with connectors. 2. For the purposes of subheading 9013 20 00, 'lasers' includes laser diodes but does not include laser diode assemblies of heading 8541. 3. For the purposes of heading 9025, 'hydrometers and similar floating instruments, thermometers, pyrometers, barometers, hygrometers and psychrometers' include those combined with recording devices but do not include those combined with any other instrument (for example: thermo-hygrographs combining a thermometer and hygrometer). 4. For the purposes of heading 9031, 'profile projectors' means instruments which project a magnified silhouette of a workpiece on to a screen so that the accuracy of the profile may be verified. This term does not include other optical projectors (heading 9008 or 9010).

Chapter noteChapter 90 — Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; Parts and accessories thereof

This chapter does not cover: articles for general technical purposes (e.g. pumps of heading 8413, metal or graphite packings of heading 8484), parts of general use as defined in Note 2 to Section XV (base metal) or similar parts of plastics (Chapter 39), transfer pumps of heading 8413, or weighing machinery of heading 8423. Note 2 (Parts and accessories): Parts and accessories which are goods included in any heading of this chapter or of Chapter 84, 85 or 91 are classified in their respective headings. Other parts and accessories solely or principally used with instruments of this chapter are classified in heading 9033. The chapter covers a very broad range from lenses and prisms (heading 9001) through microscopes, telescopes, lasers, navigational instruments, drawing instruments, measuring instruments, medical instruments, to X-ray apparatus and physical/chemical analysis instruments.

Section noteNotes to Section XVIII — Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; Clocks and watches; Musical instruments; Parts and accessories thereof

1. This Section does not cover: (a) articles of a kind used in machines, appliances or for other technical uses, of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber (heading 4016), of leather or of composition leather (heading 4205) or of textile material (heading 5911); (b) supporting belts or other support articles of textile material whose intended effect on the organ to be supported or held derives solely from their elasticity (for example, maternity belts, thoracic support bandages, abdominal support bandages, supports for joints or muscles) (Section XI); (c) refractory goods of heading 6903; ceramics for laboratory, chemical or other technical uses of heading 6909; (d) glass mirrors, not optically worked, of heading 7009, or mirrors of base metal or of precious metal, not being optical elements (heading 8306 or Chapter 71); (e) goods of heading 7007, 7008, 7011, 7014, 7015 or 7017; (f) parts of general use, as defined in Note 2 to Section XV, of base metal (Section XV) or similar goods of plastics (Chapter 39); however, articles specially designed for use exclusively as parts of specific instruments or apparatus are excluded from this category; (g) pumps, compressors and fans (heading 8413, 8414 or 8421); (h) weighing machinery (heading 8423); lifting machinery (headings 8425 to 8428); (ij) paper- or paperboard-cutting machines (heading 8441); fittings for adjusting work or tools on machine tools or water-jet cutting machines, of heading 8466, including fittings with optical devices for reading scales (e.g. 'optical' dividing heads) but not those which are in themselves essentially optical instruments (e.g. alignment telescopes); (k) articles of Chapter 95. 2. Subject to Note 1 above, parts and accessories for machines, apparatus, instruments or articles of this Section are to be classified according to the following rules: (a) parts and accessories which are goods included in any of the headings of this Section or of Section XV, XVI or XVII are in all cases to be classified in their respective headings; (b) other parts and accessories, if suitable for use solely or principally with a particular kind of machine, instrument or apparatus, or with a number of machines, instruments or apparatus of the same heading, are to be classified with the machines, instruments or apparatus of that kind; (c) all other parts and accessories are to be classified in heading 9033.

What are the non-preferential origin rules for Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR) (9027300000)?

Non-preferential origin rules for Spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectrographs using optical radiation (UV, visible, IR) are defined in Annex 22-01 of the UCC Delegated Act. These rules determine the country of origin for MFN duty rates, trade policy measures, and origin marking.

Trade Statistics

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€403.31/kg

Export €/kg

€405.19/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

3,542

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€937.6M	1.3Mt	€720.21/kg	55.0%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€234.7M	688Kt	€341.11/kg	13.8%
3	🇨🇳 China	€190.2M	935Kt	€203.45/kg	11.2%
4	🇲🇾 Malaysia	€175.6M	402Kt	€436.42/kg	10.3%
5	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€166.4M	337Kt	€494.06/kg	9.8%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€1.2B	2.3Mt	€503.55/kg	39.6%
2	🇨🇳 China	€997.6M	1.8Mt	€552.45/kg	33.4%
3	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€290.3M	881Kt	€329.54/kg	9.7%
4	🇮🇳 India	€239.8M	653Kt	€367.51/kg	8.0%
5	🇸🇬 Singapore	€213.3M	397Kt	€537.44/kg	7.1%
6	🇯🇵 Japan	€61.4M	133Kt	€461.36/kg	2.1%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€403.31/kg

Export €/kg

€405.19/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

3,542

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€937.6M	1.3Mt	€720.21/kg	55.0%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€234.7M	688Kt	€341.11/kg	13.8%
3	🇨🇳 China	€190.2M	935Kt	€203.45/kg	11.2%
4	🇲🇾 Malaysia	€175.6M	402Kt	€436.42/kg	10.3%
5	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€166.4M	337Kt	€494.06/kg	9.8%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€1.2B	2.3Mt	€503.55/kg	39.6%
2	🇨🇳 China	€997.6M	1.8Mt	€552.45/kg	33.4%
3	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€290.3M	881Kt	€329.54/kg	9.7%
4	🇮🇳 India	€239.8M	653Kt	€367.51/kg	8.0%
5	🇸🇬 Singapore	€213.3M	397Kt	€537.44/kg	7.1%
6	🇯🇵 Japan	€61.4M	133Kt	€461.36/kg	2.1%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis