Overview TARIC Nomenclature Classification Guide BTI EU Classification Rulings CJEU Case Law - Tariff Classification Market Intelligence Origin of Goods Export Control CBAM Calculator EUDR Checker ClassifyAI SH Customs Value Incoterms® 2020

97Chapter

05Heading

10Subheading

00CN

45TARIC

Other

WORKS OF ART, COLLECTORS' PIECES AND ANTIQUES > WORKS OF ART, COLLECTORS' PIECES AND ANTIQUES > Collections and collectors' pieces of archaeological, ethnographic, historical, zoological, botanical, mineralogical, anatomical, paleontological or numismatic interest > Collections and collectors' pieces of archaeological, ethnographic or historical interest > Property relating to history, including the history of science and technology and military and social history, to the life of national leaders, thinkers, scientists and artists and to events of national importance > Other

Hierarchy

21Section XXI — WORKS OF ART, COLLECTORS' PIECES AND ANTIQUES

9700000000WORKS OF ART, COLLECTORS' PIECES AND ANTIQUES

9705000000Collections and collectors' pieces of archaeological, ethnographic, historical, zoological, botanical, mineralogical, anatomical, paleontological or numismatic interest

9705100000Collections and collectors' pieces of archaeological, ethnographic or historical interest

9705100042Property relating to history, including the history of science and technology and military and social history, to the life of national leaders, thinkers, scientists and artists and to events of national importance

9705100042More than 200 years old

9705100045Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty0.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

0.000 %

Preferential rates(2)

Preferential rates - 2 Origin
Origin	Rate	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
United Kingdom 0.000 %EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement	0.000 %	—	EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
United States 0.000 %	0.000 %	—	—	1

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 9700000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Import control(4)

inherited from 9705000000

Libya

Regulation 0813/252025-04-29

1 certificate(s) required

Y182Particular provisions

Goods other than those concerned by the prohibitions defined in article 3(a) of Regulation (EU) No 2016/44

Import/export not allowed after control

TM01021Article 3 1. It shall be prohibited to sell, supply, transfer or export, directly or indirectly, the goods and technology listed in the Common Military List of the European Union (*) (the Common Military List), as well as firearms, their parts and essential components, and ammunition as defined in Regulation (EU) No 258/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council (**), whether or not originating in the Union, to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Libya or for use in Libya.

Russia

Regulation 0833/142024-07-03

2 certificate(s) required

Y715Particular provisions

Goods exported from Ukraine prior to 1 March 2014

Y879Particular provisions

Goods other than those concerned by the prohibitions defined in article 3v paragraph 1 of Regulation (EU) No 833/2014

Import/export not allowed after control

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

CD967I. According to Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014, it shall be prohibited to import into European Union goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol. The prohibition shall not apply in respect of goods originating in Crimea or Sevastopol which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. II. According to the Council Regulation (EU) 692/2014, the export of goods and technologies suited for use in the sectors of transport; telecommunications; energy; prospection, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources is prohibited: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Crimea or Sevastopol, or (b) for use in Crimea or Sevastopol.

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

CD860According to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263 (OJ L42I, p. 77): I. It shall be prohibited to import into the European Union goods originating in non-government controlled areas of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine. The import prohibitions not apply in respect of: (a) the execution until 24 May 2022 of trade contracts concluded before 23 February 2022, or of ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the natural or legal person, entity or body seeking to perform the contract has notified, at least 10 working days in advance, the activity or transaction to the competent authority of the Member State in which they are established; (b) goods originating in the specified territories which have been made available to the Ukrainian authorities for examination, for which compliance with the conditions conferring entitlement to preferential origin has been verified and for which a certificate of origin has been issued in accordance with the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. II. It shall be prohibited to sell, supply, transfer or export goods and technology listed in Annex II to Council Regulation (EU) 2022/263: (a) to any natural or legal person, entity or body in the specified territories, or (b) for use in the specified territories. Annex II shall include certain goods and technologies suited for use in the following key sectors: (i) transport; (ii) telecommunications; (iii) energy; (iv) the prospecting, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources. The prohibitions in point II above shall be without prejudice to the execution until 24 August 2022 of an obligation arising from a contract concluded before 23 February 2022, or from ancillary contracts necessary for the execution of such contracts, provided that the competent authority has been informed at least five working days in advance.

Import control -waste(1)

inherited from 9705000000

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 1157/242026-05-21

6 certificate(s) required

C672Other certificates

Information document accompanying shipments of waste as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 18 and Annex VII

C669Other certificates

Notification document as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 - Article 5 and Annex IA

Y923Particular provisions

Product not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

C672Other certificates

Information document accompanying shipments of waste as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 18 and Annex VII

C670Other certificates

Movement document as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 5 and Annex IB

Y923Particular provisions

Product not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

Import/export not allowed after control

CD572The wastes mentioned in Article 4 (paragraphs 1 and 2) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 shall be subject to the procedure of prior written notification and consent.

CD573The wastes mentioned in Article 4(paragraph 4) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 shall be subjected to the general information requirements laid down in Article 18 of the same Regulation, if the amount of waste shipped exceeds 20 kg.

CD574If the wastes listed in Annex III (green list) display certain hazardous characteristics, the relevant provisions shall apply as if these wastes had been listed in Annex IV (amber list). Article 4 (paragraph 2 letter e) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157.

CD577By way of derogation from Article 4(1) and (2), shipments of waste explicitly destined for laboratory aalysis or experimental treatment trials to assess either the physical or chemical characteristics of the waste or to determine its suitability for recovery or disposal shall be subject to the general information requirements laid down in Article 18 where all of the following conditions are fulfilled: (a) the quantity of waste does not exceed the quantity reasonably needed to perform the analysis or trial in each particular case, but not more than 250 kg or any larger quantity agreed on a case-by- case basis by the competent authorities of dispatch and destination and the person who arranges the shipment; (b) in the event a quantity higher than 250 kg is requested by the person who arranges the shipment, that person shall provide the information contained in Annex VII, to the extent possible, to the competent authorities of dispatch and destination together with the reasoned explanation why such a larger quantity is needed to perform the analysis or trial. Article 4 (paragraph 5) - Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

Import control -cultural goods(1)

All third countries

Regulation 0880/192026-06-11

1 certificate(s) required

Y235Particular provisions

Cultural goods removed from the territory of the country where they were created or discovered in full respect of the law, as per Article 3(1) of Regulation (EU) 2019/880

Import/export not allowed after control

CD962The introduction of cultural goods referred to in Part A of Regulation 2019/880 of the Annex which were removed from the territory of the country where they were created or discovered in breach of the laws and regulations of that country shall be prohibited.

Import control -luxury goods(1)

inherited from 9700000000

North Korea

Regulation 2062/172018-02-01

2 certificate(s) required

Y945Particular provisions

Travellers' personal effects or goods of a non-commercial nature for travellers' personal use contained in their luggage (Art 10.2 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1509)

Y946Particular provisions

Goods necessary for the official purposes of diplomatic or consular missions of Member States in the DPRK or international organisations enjoying immunities in accordance with international law, or to the personal effects of their staff (Art 10.3 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1509)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD203The prohibition shall not apply to travellers' personal effects or to goods of a non-commercial nature for travellers' personal use contained in their luggage (Art 10.2 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1509)

CD223The prohibition shall not apply to goods which are necessary for the official purposes of diplomatic or consular missions of Member States in the DPRK or of international organisations enjoying immunities in accordance with international law, or to the personal effects of their staff (Art 10.3 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1509).

TM684Goods from the list of luxury goods referred to in Article 10 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1509

Import control -seal products(1)

inherited from 9705000000

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 1850/152015-10-18

4 certificate(s) required

C679Other certificates

Attesting Document (seal product), issued by a recognised body in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 737/2010 prior to 18 October 2015

C680Other certificates

Written notification of import and document giving evidence where the products were acquired (seal product)

C683Other certificates

European Union - Attesting document for seal products resulting from hunt by Inuit or other indigenous communities for placing on the Union's market in accordance with Article 3 (1) of Regulation (EC) No 1007/2009 on trade in seal products

Y032Particular provisions

Other goods than those seal products mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2015/1850 (OJ L 271)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD603Seal products may only be placed on the market when they are accompanied by an attesting document (for commercial use) or a written notification of import (for personal use) and a document giving evidence where the products were acquired (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1850 (OJ L 271)).

Restriction on entry into free circulation(14)

inherited from 9705000000

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4010Archaeological objects more than 100 years old which are products of excavations and finds on the land or under water, archaeological sites or archaeological collections

TM570The following shall be prohibited: a) the import of or the introduction into the territory of the Community of, and b) the dealing in, Iraqi cultural property and other items of archaeological, historical, cultural, rare scientific and religious importance, if they have been illegally removed from locations in Iraq, in particular, if: i) the items form an integral part of either the public collections listed in the inventories of Iraqi museums, archives or libraries' conservation collection, or the inventories of Iraqi religious institutions, or ii) there exists reasonable suspicion that the goods have been removed from Iraq without the consent of their legitimate owner or have been removed in breach of Iraq's laws and regulations. These prohibitions shall not apply if it is shown that either: a) the cultural items were exported from Iraq prior to 6 August 1990; or b) the cultural items are being returned to Iraqi institutions in accordance with the objective of safe return as set out in paragraph 7 of UNSC Resolution 1483 (2003).

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4011Elements forming an integral part of artistic, historical or religious monuments which have been dismembered, of an age exceeding 100 years

Start date: 2026-06-11

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

9705100042: The collectors’ piece is more than 200 years old.

Classification tips

The collectors’ piece is not more than 200 years old.

Sample products

Historical collectors’ piece, not more than 200 years old

Regulatory notes

Chapter noteChapter 97 — Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques

This chapter covers original works of art (paintings, drawings, pastels, collages, sculptures, engravings, prints, lithographs — heading 9701-9703), postage stamps, revenue stamps, first-day covers and similar articles (heading 9704), collections and collectors' pieces of zoological, botanical, mineralogical, anatomical, historical, archaeological, palaeontological, ethnographic or numismatic interest (heading 9705), and antiques of an age exceeding 100 years (heading 9706). The chapter excludes unused postage stamps of current or new issue (heading 4907). For the purposes of heading 9701, 'paintings, drawings and pastels' means only hand-executed works, excluding manufactured and decorated articles. 'Original engravings, prints and lithographs' of heading 9702 means impressions produced directly from one or more plates wholly executed by hand by the artist. The age threshold of over 100 years for antiques is an absolute requirement.

Section note

Non-preferential origin

split_heading

Collections and collectors’ pieces of archaeological, ethnographic, historical, zoological, botanical, mineralogical, anatomical, paleontological, or numismatic interest.

As specified for split headings

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Other (9705100045)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Other is 0.000 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Other (9705100045)?

Yes, 2 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Other (9705100045)?

Yes, 8 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Other (9705100045)?

1 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 9705100045?

TARIC code 9705100045 (Other) covers the following products: Historical collectors’ piece, not more than 200 years old, Collectors’ piece of ethnographic interest, not more than 200 years old.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Hierarchy

21Section XXI — WORKS OF ART, COLLECTORS' PIECES AND ANTIQUES

9700000000WORKS OF ART, COLLECTORS' PIECES AND ANTIQUES

9705000000Collections and collectors' pieces of archaeological, ethnographic, historical, zoological, botanical, mineralogical, anatomical, paleontological or numismatic interest

9705100000Collections and collectors' pieces of archaeological, ethnographic or historical interest

9705100042More than 200 years old

9705100045Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty0.000 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

0.000 %

Preferential rates(2)

Preferential rates - 2 Origin
Origin	Rate	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
United Kingdom 0.000 %EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement	0.000 %	—	EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
United States 0.000 %	0.000 %	—	—	1

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 9700000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Import control(4)

inherited from 9705000000

Libya

Regulation 0813/252025-04-29

1 certificate(s) required

Y182Particular provisions

Goods other than those concerned by the prohibitions defined in article 3(a) of Regulation (EU) No 2016/44

Import/export not allowed after control

Russia

Regulation 0833/142024-07-03

2 certificate(s) required

Y715Particular provisions

Goods exported from Ukraine prior to 1 March 2014

Y879Particular provisions

Goods other than those concerned by the prohibitions defined in article 3v paragraph 1 of Regulation (EU) No 833/2014

Import/export not allowed after control

Ukraine

Regulation 0692/142026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y997Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or destined to Crimea or Sevastopol (Articles 2 and 2b.1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 692/2014)

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

Import not allowed

Ukraine

Regulation 0263/222026-06-24

EU-Ukraine DCFTA(since 2016)

3 certificate(s) required

Y984Particular provisions

Goods not originating from or not destined for the non-government controlled areas of Ukraine in the oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia

N954UN/EDIFACT certificate

Movement certificate EUR.1

N864UN/EDIFACT certificate

Invoice declaration or origin declaration made out by any exporter on invoice or any other commercial document

Import/export not allowed after control

Import control -waste(1)

inherited from 9705000000

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 1157/242026-05-21

6 certificate(s) required

C672Other certificates

Information document accompanying shipments of waste as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 18 and Annex VII

C669Other certificates

Notification document as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 - Article 5 and Annex IA

Y923Particular provisions

Product not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

C672Other certificates

Information document accompanying shipments of waste as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 18 and Annex VII

C670Other certificates

Movement document as mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 – Article 5 and Annex IB

Y923Particular provisions

Product not subjected to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157

Import/export not allowed after control

CD572The wastes mentioned in Article 4 (paragraphs 1 and 2) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 shall be subject to the procedure of prior written notification and consent.

Import control -cultural goods(1)

All third countries

Regulation 0880/192026-06-11

1 certificate(s) required

Y235Particular provisions

Cultural goods removed from the territory of the country where they were created or discovered in full respect of the law, as per Article 3(1) of Regulation (EU) 2019/880

Import/export not allowed after control

Import control -luxury goods(1)

inherited from 9700000000

North Korea

Regulation 2062/172018-02-01

2 certificate(s) required

Y945Particular provisions

Travellers' personal effects or goods of a non-commercial nature for travellers' personal use contained in their luggage (Art 10.2 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1509)

Y946Particular provisions

Import/export not allowed after control

TM684Goods from the list of luxury goods referred to in Article 10 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1509

Import control -seal products(1)

inherited from 9705000000

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 1850/152015-10-18

4 certificate(s) required

C679Other certificates

Attesting Document (seal product), issued by a recognised body in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 737/2010 prior to 18 October 2015

C680Other certificates

Written notification of import and document giving evidence where the products were acquired (seal product)

C683Other certificates

Y032Particular provisions

Other goods than those seal products mentioned in Regulation (EU) 2015/1850 (OJ L 271)

Import/export not allowed after control

Restriction on entry into free circulation(14)

inherited from 9705000000

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4010Archaeological objects more than 100 years old which are products of excavations and finds on the land or under water, archaeological sites or archaeological collections

Iraq

—Regulation 1210/032003-05-23

4011Elements forming an integral part of artistic, historical or religious monuments which have been dismembered, of an age exceeding 100 years

Start date: 2026-06-11

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

9705100042: The collectors’ piece is more than 200 years old.

Classification tips

The collectors’ piece is not more than 200 years old.

Sample products

Historical collectors’ piece, not more than 200 years old

Associated BTIs

Regulatory notes

Chapter noteChapter 97 — Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques

Section note

Non-preferential origin

split_heading

Collections and collectors’ pieces of archaeological, ethnographic, historical, zoological, botanical, mineralogical, anatomical, paleontological, or numismatic interest.

As specified for split headings

Annex 22-01 DA 2015/2446

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Other (9705100045)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Other is 0.000 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Other (9705100045)?

Yes, 2 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Other (9705100045)?

Yes, 8 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Other (9705100045)?

1 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 9705100045?

TARIC code 9705100045 (Other) covers the following products: Historical collectors’ piece, not more than 200 years old, Collectors’ piece of ethnographic interest, not more than 200 years old.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Keywords

historical collectors’ piece · archaeological collectors’ piece · ethnographic collectors’ piece · Collections and collectors’ pieces of archaeological, ethnographic or historical interest · not more than 200 years old

1. This Section does not cover: (a) unused postage or revenue stamps, postal stationery (stamped paper) or the like, of heading 4907; (b) theatrical scenery, studio back-cloths or the like, of painted canvas (heading 5907) except where they may be classified in heading 9706; (c) pearls, natural or cultured, or precious or semi-precious stones (headings 7101 to 7103). 2. For the purposes of heading 9706, the expression 'antiques' applies to goods which are more than one hundred years old. 3. Frames around paintings, drawings, pastels or collages of heading 9701 are to be classified with those items provided that they are of a kind and of a value normal to those items. Frames which are not of a kind or of a value normal to the items referred to in this Note are to be classified separately.

Trade Statistics

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

€0

Import €/kg

€24.46/kg

Export €/kg

€208.50/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

3,435

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€1.1B	66.3Mt	€16.82/kg	44.9%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€862.4M	12.1Mt	€71.10/kg	34.7%
3	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€350.7M	10.4Mt	€33.77/kg	14.1%
4	🇯🇵 Japan	€76.6M	5.2Mt	€14.78/kg	3.1%
5	🇱🇮 Liechtenstein	€62.1M	17Kt	€3.6K/kg	2.5%
6	🇨🇦 Canada	€17.7M	1.4Mt	€12.34/kg	0.7%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€749.4M	3.0Mt	€250.99/kg	39.3%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€629.2M	4.0Mt	€158.76/kg	33.0%
3	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€388.6M	1.2Mt	€336.11/kg	20.4%
4	🇭🇰 Hong Kong	€61.4M	28Kt	€2.2K/kg	3.2%
5	🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates	€52.6M	242Kt	€217.80/kg	2.8%
6	🇦🇺 Australia	€23.8M	47Kt	€503.11/kg	1.2%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

€0

Import €/kg

€24.46/kg

Export €/kg

€208.50/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

3,435

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€1.1B	66.3Mt	€16.82/kg	44.9%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€862.4M	12.1Mt	€71.10/kg	34.7%
3	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€350.7M	10.4Mt	€33.77/kg	14.1%
4	🇯🇵 Japan	€76.6M	5.2Mt	€14.78/kg	3.1%
5	🇱🇮 Liechtenstein	€62.1M	17Kt	€3.6K/kg	2.5%
6	🇨🇦 Canada	€17.7M	1.4Mt	€12.34/kg	0.7%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€749.4M	3.0Mt	€250.99/kg	39.3%
2	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€629.2M	4.0Mt	€158.76/kg	33.0%
3	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€388.6M	1.2Mt	€336.11/kg	20.4%
4	🇭🇰 Hong Kong	€61.4M	28Kt	€2.2K/kg	3.2%
5	🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates	€52.6M	242Kt	€217.80/kg	2.8%
6	🇦🇺 Australia	€23.8M	47Kt	€503.11/kg	1.2%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis