Hierarchy

16Section XVI — MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES

8400000000NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; PARTS THEREOF

8481000000Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valves

8481800000Other appliances

8481805100Other

8481806100Other

8481807100Globe valves

8481807990Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty2.200 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

2.200 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-2.2 pp	-2.2 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-2.2 pp	-2.2 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-2.2 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-2.2 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-2.2 ppESA Interim EPA	-2.2 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-2.2 ppSADC EPA	-2.2 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-2.2 pp	-2.2 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-2.2 ppEverything But Arms	-2.2 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-2.2 ppEEA Agreement	-2.2 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Airworthiness tariff suspension(1)

inherited from 8481000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 1517/182018-11-01

1 certificate(s) required

C119Other certificates

Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1 (Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012), or equivalent certificate

Measure not applicable

CD333The autonomous Common Customs Tariff duties laid down in Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 for parts, components and other goods of a kind to be incorporated in or used for aircraft and parts thereof in the course of their manufacture, repair, maintenance, rebuilding, modification or conversion is suspended. In order to benefit from the suspension, the declarant shall present to the customs authorities an Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1, as set out in Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, or an equivalent certificate. The certificates which are deemed to be equivalent to Authorised Release Certificates are listed in Annex II to the Regulation (EU) 2018/1517.

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 8481000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

TM01066From 1 July 2026 until 1 July 2028, a customs duty of EUR 3 per item in a consignment the intrinsic value of which does not exceed a total of EUR 150 shall apply instead of the relief eliminated pursuant to Article 1 of this Regulation, where: (a) the importation of the goods is exempt from VAT in accordance with Article 143(1), point (ca), of Directive 2006/112/EC; or (b) the goods are in a postal consignment as defined in Article 1, point (24), of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446.

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872016-07-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

EU003According to The Special Provisions of Section II (A) (3) of the Preliminary Provisions of the Combined Nomenclature the suspension of customs duties for goods for certain categories of ships, boats and other vessels and for drilling or production platforms shall be subject to conditions laid down in the relevant provisions of the European Union with a view to customs control of the use of such goods.

TM5101. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of goods intended for incorporation in the ships, boats or other vessels classified at the following CN codes 8901 10 10; 8901 20 10; 8901 30 10; 8901 90 10; 8902 00 10; 8903 91 10; 8903 92 10; 8904 00 10; 8904 00 91; 8905 10 10; 8905 90 10; 8906 10 00; 8906 90 10 for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for fitting to or equipping such ships, boats or other vessels. 2. Customs duties shall be suspended in respect of: (a) goods intended for incorporation in drilling or production platforms: (1) fixed, of subheading ex 8430 49, operating in or outside the territorial sea of Member States, or (2) floating or submersible, of subheading 8905 20, for the purposes of their construction, repair, maintenance or conversion, and in respect of goods intended for equipping the said platforms. (b) tubes, pipes, cables and their connection pieces, linking these drilling or production platforms to the mainland.

Import control(7)

inherited from 8481807900

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 0267/122017-04-03

Except:IR(Iran)

3 certificate(s) required

Y949Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure (Reg 267/2012)

C067Other certificates

Import authorisation for restricted goods and technologies (Council Regulation (EU) No 267/2012)

Y069Particular provisions

Goods not consigned from Iran

Import/export not allowed after control

CD989If the goods declared are described in footnote "DU" linked to the measure a prior import authorisation must be presented for the import, purchase or transport from Iran of the goods and technology listed in Annex I, whether or not originating in Iran (R267/2012).

DU113Goods 2A226 from the dual use list.

DU405Goods 0B001b from the dual use list.

Belarus

Regulation 0765/062025-02-25

4 certificate(s) required

Y727Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 3)

Y728Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 4)

L152Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 10 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

Y870Particular provisions

Goods entered the territory of the customs union of the EU and presented to customs authorities prior to the entry into force or to applicability date of the present sanction, whichever is latest (see Article 8f of Regulation (EU) No 765/2006)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD925It shall be prohibited to purchase, import, or transfer into the Union, directly or indirectly, goods which allow Belarus to diversify its sources of revenue, thereby enabling its involvement in the Russian aggression against Ukraine, as listed in Annex XXVII, if they originate in Belarus or are exported from Belarus. Article 1ra - Regulation (EU) 765/2006 (COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) 2024/1865)

Iran

Regulation 0267/122025-09-30

1 certificate(s) required

Y949Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure (Reg 267/2012)

Import/export not allowed after control

DU113Goods 2A226 from the dual use list.

DU405Goods 0B001b from the dual use list.

Import control -restricted goods & technologies(2)

inherited from 8481807900

Iran

Regulation 0267/122017-10-23

1 certificate(s) required

Y966Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the MG footnotes linked to the measure (Missile Technology Control Regime list - Annex III of Reg. (EU) 267/2012)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD971Annex III (MG footnotes) shall list the items, including goods and technology, contained in the Missile Technology Control Regime list (Council regulation 267/2012).

CD985If the goods declared are described in footnote "MG" linked to the measure (article 4a, article 4c of the Council regulation 267/2012): It shall be prohibited to sell, supply, transfer or export, directly or indirectly, the goods and technology listed in Annex III or any other item that the Member State determines could contribute to the development of nuclear weapon delivery systems, whether or not originating in the Union, to any Iranian person, entity or body or for use in Iran. It shall be prohibited to purchase, import or transport from Iran, directly or indirectly, the goods and technology listed in Annex III whether the item concerned originates in Iran or not.

MG703M3A5

MG749M10A1, M10A2, M10A3

North Korea

Regulation 1509/172017-09-01

1 certificate(s) required

Y920Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure

Import/export not allowed after control

CD995If the declared goods are described in the footnotes linked to the measure, export/import is not allowed.

DU113Goods 2A226 from the dual use list.

DU576Goods 2B350g from the dual use list.

Import prohibition(1)

inherited from 8400000000

North Korea

—Regulation 0285/182018-02-28

TM884Goods from the Annex XIh of Regulation (EU) 2018/285 (Machinery and electrical equipment)

Start date: 1972-01-01

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

8481807910: For use in certain types of aircraft
8481807940: Service valve for R410A or R32 connecting indoor and outdoor units, with the specified pressure, leakage and impurity values, for air-conditioner manufacture

Classification tips

Not described as for use in certain types of aircraft
Not described as that specified service valve

Typical uses

Regulatory notes

NENC8481Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valves

Additional noteAdditional Notes to Chapter 84

1. For the purposes of subheading 8471 49, the term 'systems' means automatic data-processing machines whose units satisfy the conditions laid down in Note 5(C) to Chapter 84 and which comprise at least a central processing unit, one input unit (for example, a keyboard or a scanner), and one output unit (for example, a visual display unit or a printer). 2. For the purposes of subheading 8471 70 50, a 'CD-ROM drive' means a storage unit of an automatic data-processing machine capable only of reading and reproducing data from CD-ROMs, audio CDs and photo CDs by means of a laser beam. CD-ROM drives may be incorporated (built-in) or may be presented as separate units. 3. For the purposes of subheading 8443 31, 'printing, copying or facsimile machines, whether or not combined' means machines which receive digital data from a connected automatic data processing machine or from a network and generate hard-copy output on paper or similar media; this includes multifunctional digital machines that print, copy, scan and/or fax.

Non-preferential origin

value_added

Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valves.

CTH; or 45% value added rule

value_added

Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valves.

CTH; or 45% value added rule

Residual rule

Collection of parts: Where a change in classification results from the application of HS General Interpretative Rule 2(a) with respect to collections of parts that are presented as unassembled articles of another heading or subheading the individual parts shall retain their origin prior to such collection Note 2: Assembly of the collection of parts: Goods assembled from a collection of parts classified as the assembled good by application of General Interpretative Rule 2 shall have origin in the country of assembly, provided the assembly would have satisfied the primary rule for the good had each of the parts been presented separately and not as a collection Note 3: Disassembly of goods: A change of classification which results from the disassembly of goods shall not be considered as the change required by the rule set forth in the table of "list rules" .The country of origin of the parts recovered from the goods shall be the country where the parts are recovered, unless the importer, exporter or any person with a justifiable cause to determine the origin of parts demonstrates another country of origin on the basis of verifiable evidence.

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Other (8481807990)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Other is 2.200 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Other (8481807990)?

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Other (8481807990)?

Yes, 9 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Other (8481807990)?

274 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 8481807990?

TARIC code 8481807990 (Other) covers the following products: Other appliance for pipes, Other appliance for tanks.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Hierarchy

16Section XVI — MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES

8400000000NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; PARTS THEREOF

8481000000Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valves

8481800000Other appliances

8481805100Other

8481806100Other

8481807100Globe valves

8481807990Other

Duties & Measures

Third Country Duty2.200 %

Base rate (erga omnes)

Applies to all third countries without preferential agreement

2.200 %

Preferential rates(60)

+50

Preferential rates - 60 Origin
Origin	Savings	Trade agreement	Details
EU-Canada agreement: re-imported goods1006 0.000 %-2.2 pp	-2.2 pp	—	1
EU-Switzerland agreement: re-imported goods1007 0.000 %-2.2 pp	-2.2 pp	—	2
CARIFORUM1033 0.000 %-2.2 ppEU-CARIFORUM EPA	-2.2 pp	EU-CARIFORUM EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States1034 0.000 %-2.2 ppESA Interim EPA	-2.2 pp	ESA Interim EPA
SADC EPA1035 0.000 %-2.2 ppSADC EPA	-2.2 pp	SADC EPA
Preferential origin in accordance with the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part.2000 0.000 %-2.2 pp	-2.2 pp	—
GSP-EBA2005 0.000 %-2.2 ppEverything But Arms	-2.2 pp	Everything But Arms
European Economic Area2012 0.000 %-2.2 ppEEA Agreement	-2.2 pp	EEA Agreement	1

Airworthiness tariff suspension(1)

inherited from 8481000000

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 1517/182018-11-01

1 certificate(s) required

C119Other certificates

Authorised Release Certificate — EASA Form 1 (Appendix I to Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012), or equivalent certificate

Measure not applicable

Low-value consignment customs duty(2)

inherited from 8481000000

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EURRegulation 0382/262026-07-01

ERGA OMNES

3.000 EUR4Regulation 0382/262026-11-01

4 certificate(s) required

C127Other certificates

Merchant product identifier

C128Other certificates

Non-standardised manufacturer product identifier

C129Other certificates

Standardised manufacturer product identifier

Y081Particular provisions

No standardised manufacturer product identifier for the declared product exists

Import not allowed

Suspension -ships, vessels & drilling platforms(1)

ERGA OMNES

0.000 %1Regulation 2658/872016-07-01

1 certificate(s) required

C990Other certificates

End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)

Measure not applicable

Import control(7)

inherited from 8481807900

ERGA OMNES

Regulation 0267/122017-04-03

Except:IR(Iran)

3 certificate(s) required

Y949Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure (Reg 267/2012)

C067Other certificates

Import authorisation for restricted goods and technologies (Council Regulation (EU) No 267/2012)

Y069Particular provisions

Goods not consigned from Iran

Import/export not allowed after control

DU113Goods 2A226 from the dual use list.

DU405Goods 0B001b from the dual use list.

Belarus

Regulation 0765/062025-02-25

4 certificate(s) required

Y727Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 3)

Y728Particular provisions

The prohibitions defined in article 1ra paragraph 1 of Council Regulation (EU) No 765/2006 do not apply (see exemptions in article 1ra paragraph 4)

L152Import certificate/licence

Import authorisation by virtue of article 1ra paragraph 10 of Council Regulation (EU) 765/2006

Y870Particular provisions

Import/export not allowed after control

Iran

Regulation 0267/122025-09-30

1 certificate(s) required

Y949Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure (Reg 267/2012)

Import/export not allowed after control

DU113Goods 2A226 from the dual use list.

DU405Goods 0B001b from the dual use list.

Import control -restricted goods & technologies(2)

inherited from 8481807900

Iran

Regulation 0267/122017-10-23

1 certificate(s) required

Y966Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the MG footnotes linked to the measure (Missile Technology Control Regime list - Annex III of Reg. (EU) 267/2012)

Import/export not allowed after control

CD971Annex III (MG footnotes) shall list the items, including goods and technology, contained in the Missile Technology Control Regime list (Council regulation 267/2012).

MG703M3A5

MG749M10A1, M10A2, M10A3

North Korea

Regulation 1509/172017-09-01

1 certificate(s) required

Y920Particular provisions

Goods other than those described in the footnotes linked to the measure

Import/export not allowed after control

CD995If the declared goods are described in the footnotes linked to the measure, export/import is not allowed.

DU113Goods 2A226 from the dual use list.

DU576Goods 2B350g from the dual use list.

Import prohibition(1)

inherited from 8400000000

North Korea

—Regulation 0285/182018-02-28

TM884Goods from the Annex XIh of Regulation (EU) 2018/285 (Machinery and electrical equipment)

Start date: 1972-01-01

Trade Statistics

Description & Classification

Common misclassifications

8481807910: For use in certain types of aircraft
8481807940: Service valve for R410A or R32 connecting indoor and outdoor units, with the specified pressure, leakage and impurity values, for air-conditioner manufacture

Classification tips

Not described as for use in certain types of aircraft
Not described as that specified service valve

Typical uses

Associated BTIs

CJEU Case Law

Regulatory notes

NENC8481Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valves

Additional noteAdditional Notes to Chapter 84

Non-preferential origin

value_added

Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valves.

CTH; or 45% value added rule

value_added

Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valves.

CTH; or 45% value added rule

Residual rule

FAQ

What is the EU customs duty for Other (8481807990)?

The third country duty (erga omnes) for Other is 2.200 %. This rate applies to imports from countries without a preferential trade agreement with the EU.

Are there tariff preferences for Other (8481807990)?

Yes, 57 tariff preferences are available for this code. Preferential rates apply to imports from countries with a trade agreement with the EU.

Are import controls required for Other (8481807990)?

Yes, 9 import control measure(s) apply to this code (e.g. CITES, REACH, sanitary controls, etc.).

How many BTIs (Binding Tariff Information) exist for Other (8481807990)?

274 BTIs have been issued for this TARIC code by EU Member States customs authorities.

What products are classified under code 8481807990?

TARIC code 8481807990 (Other) covers the following products: Other appliance for pipes, Other appliance for tanks.

Help

Need help?

Ask a question about this code or find a tariff classification expert.

Keywords

valve appliance · pipe appliance · tank appliance · Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like · Other appliances · R410A · R32

Chapter noteChapter 84 — Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; Parts thereof

This chapter does not cover: millstones and grindstones of Chapter 68, machinery or appliances of ceramics (Chapter 69), laboratory glassware (heading 7017), articles of base metal of Chapters 73-76 or 78-81, electromechanical domestic appliances of heading 8509, or electromechanical hand tools of heading 8467. Note 2 (Parts): Subject to certain exceptions, parts which are suitable for use solely or principally with a particular kind of machine are classified with that machine; parts equally suitable for two or more machines are classified in heading 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466 or 8473 as appropriate. Note 3 (Composite machines): Composite machines consisting of two or more machines fitted together to form a whole and other machines designed to perform two or more complementary or alternative functions are classified according to the principal function. Note 4 (Multi-function machines): Where a machine or combination of machines performs successive different operations on material, it is classified by the function it performs last. Note 5 defines 'machine tools' for working any material by removal, for heading 8456-8465.

Section noteNotes to Section XVI — Machinery and mechanical appliances; Electrical equipment; Parts thereof; Sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles

1. This Section does not cover: (a) transmission or conveyor belts or belting of plastics of Chapter 39, or of vulcanised rubber (heading 4010), or other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber, for technical uses (heading 4016); (b) articles of leather or of composition leather (heading 4205) or of furskin (heading 4303), of a kind used in machinery or mechanical appliances or for other technical uses; (c) bobbins, spools, cops, cones, cores, reels or similar supports, of any material (for example, Chapter 39, 40, 44 or Section XV); (d) perforated cards for Jacquard or similar machines (for example, Chapter 39 or 48 or Section XV); (e) transmission or conveyor belts or belting of textile material (heading 5910) or other articles of textile material for technical uses (heading 5911); (f) precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed) of headings 7102 to 7104, or articles wholly of such stones of heading 7116, except unmounted worked sapphires and diamonds for styli (heading 8522); (g) parts of general use, as defined in Note 2 to Section XV, of base metal (Section XV) or similar goods of plastics (Chapter 39); (h) drill pipe (heading 7304); (ij) endless bands of metal wire or strip (Section XV); (k) articles of Chapter 82 or 83; (l) articles of Section XVII; (m) articles of Chapter 90; (n) clocks, watches or other articles of Chapter 91; (o) interchangeable tools of heading 8207 or brushes of a kind used as parts of machines (heading 9603); similar interchangeable tools are to be classified according to the constituent material of their working part; (p) articles of Chapter 95; (q) typewriter or similar ribbons, whether or not on spools or in cartridges (heading 9612), or monopods, bipods, tripods and similar articles of heading 9620. 2. Subject to Note 1 to this Section, Note 1 to Chapter 84 and Note 1 to Chapter 85, parts of machines (not being parts of the articles of heading 8484, 8544, 8545, 8546 or 8547) are to be classified according to the following rules: (a) parts which are goods included in any of the headings of Chapter 84 or 85 (other than headings 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8487, 8503, 8522, 8529, 8538 and 8548) are in all cases to be classified in their respective headings; (b) other parts, if suitable for use solely or principally with a particular kind of machine, or with a number of machines of the same heading, are to be classified with the machines of that kind or in heading 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8503, 8522, 8529 or 8538 as appropriate; however, parts which are equally suitable for use principally with the goods of headings 8517 and 8525 to 8528 are to be classified in heading 8517; (c) all other parts are to be classified in heading 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8503, 8522, 8529 or 8538 as appropriate or, failing that, in heading 8487 or 8548. 3. Unless the context otherwise requires, composite machines consisting of two or more machines fitted together to form a whole and other machines designed for the purpose of performing two or more complementary or alternative functions are to be classified as if consisting only of that component or as being that machine which performs the principal function. 4. Where a machine (including a combination of machines) consists of individual components (whether separate or interconnected by piping, by transmission devices, by electric cables or by other devices) intended to contribute together to a clearly defined function covered by one of the headings in Chapter 84 or Chapter 85, then the whole is to be classified in the heading appropriate to that function. 5. For the purposes of these Notes, the expression 'machine' means any machine, machinery, plant, equipment, apparatus or appliance cited in the headings of Chapter 84 or 85.

What are the non-preferential origin rules for Other (8481807990)?

Non-preferential origin rules for Other are defined in Annex 22-01 of the UCC Delegated Act. These rules determine the country of origin for MFN duty rates, trade policy measures, and origin marking.

Trade Statistics

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€34.61/kg

Export €/kg

€51.92/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

2,547

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€366.2M	23.7Mt	€15.47/kg	33.9%
2	🇺🇸 United States	€341.1M	2.6Mt	€129.89/kg	31.6%
3	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€132.1M	2.3Mt	€58.04/kg	12.2%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€131.4M	1.4Mt	€94.45/kg	12.2%
5	🇯🇵 Japan	€109.1M	519Kt	€210.28/kg	10.1%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€1.0B	21.9Mt	€47.00/kg	38.9%
2	🇨🇳 China	€938.4M	15.9Mt	€59.17/kg	35.5%
3	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€256.5M	5.0Mt	€51.32/kg	9.7%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€231.2M	3.3Mt	€70.12/kg	8.7%
5	🇰🇷 South Korea	€190.7M	3.0Mt	€63.35/kg	7.2%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis

Imports

€0

Exports

€0

Balance

+€0

Import €/kg

€34.61/kg

Export €/kg

€51.92/kg

Market concentration (HHI)

2,547

Concentrated

Trade value (2022–2025)

Import sources

Third-country sourcing partners

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇨🇳 China	€366.2M	23.7Mt	€15.47/kg	33.9%
2	🇺🇸 United States	€341.1M	2.6Mt	€129.89/kg	31.6%
3	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€132.1M	2.3Mt	€58.04/kg	12.2%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€131.4M	1.4Mt	€94.45/kg	12.2%
5	🇯🇵 Japan	€109.1M	519Kt	€210.28/kg	10.1%

Export markets

Third-country target markets

#	Partner	Value (EUR)	kg	€/kg	Share
1	🇺🇸 United States	€1.0B	21.9Mt	€47.00/kg	38.9%
2	🇨🇳 China	€938.4M	15.9Mt	€59.17/kg	35.5%
3	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	€256.5M	5.0Mt	€51.32/kg	9.7%
4	🇨🇭 Switzerland	€231.2M	3.3Mt	€70.12/kg	8.7%
5	🇰🇷 South Korea	€190.7M	3.0Mt	€63.35/kg	7.2%

EU Member States

EU ImportersEU Exporters

View full analysis