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Other This subheading does not include cenospheres, hollow spheres mainly consisting of aluminosilicate, which are a specific lightweight component isolated from fly ash obtained (generally) by the burning of coal in thermal power plants (heading 6806 ). General Unless otherwise indicated, the term ‘ASTM method’ means the methods laid down by the American Society for Testing and Materials. 1. The content of aromatic constituents is to be determined by the following methods: 2. The expression ‘similar oils” includes, among others, the following mixtures of hydrocarbons: The following definitions as regards the production of ‘similar oils’ apply: Additional note 5 1. It is to be noted that, except as provided in additional note 5(n), the exemption applies to the whole of the products used in the specific process. Accordingly, where a petroleum product is subjected, for example, to alkylation or polymerisation, that part which is not effectively transformed (alkylated or polymerised) also benefits from the exemption. 2. In cases where preliminary treatment is necessary before a ‘specific process’ (see final paragraph of additional note 5), two conditions must be met in order to obtain the benefit of exemption: (a) the imported product must be effectively subjected to a ‘specific process’, for example, cracking; (b) the preliminary treatment must be necessary to the ‘specific process’. The following in particular are regarded as necessary preparatory treatments for products intended for undergoing a ‘specific process’: (a) degassing; (b) dehydration; (c) removal of certain light or heavy products which might interfere with processing; (d) removal or conversion of mercaptans (softening or sweetening), of other sulphur compounds or of other compounds which might prejudice processing; (e) neutralisation; (f) decantation; (g) desalination. Any products which may be obtained in the course of a preparatory treatment but which do not undergo a specific process are liable to the customs duties applicable to products ‘for other purposes’, according to the kind and value of the imported goods and on the basis of the net weight of the products so obtained. Additional note 5(a) Vacuum distillation means distillation under a pressure not exceeding 400 mbar, measured at the head of the column. Additional note 5(b) Redistillation by a very thorough fractionation process means distillation (other than topping) by a continuous or batch process employed in industrial installations using distillates of subheadings 2710 12 11 to 2710 19 48 , 2711 11 00 , 2711 12 91 to 2711 19 00 , 2711 21 00 and 2711 29 00 (other than propane of a purity of 99 % or more) to obtain: 1. isolated high-purity hydrocarbons (90 % or more in the case of olefins, and 95 % or more in the case of other hydrocarbons), mixtures of isomers having the same organic composition being regarded as isolated hydrocarbons. Only those processes by means of which at least three different products are obtained are admissible, but this restriction does not apply in any instance where the process consists in the separation of isomers. In so far as this concerns xylenes, ethylbenzene is included with xylene isomers; 2. products of subheadings 2707 10 00 to 2707 30 00 , 2707 50 00 and 2710 12 11 to 2710 19 48 : (a) with no overlapping of the final boiling point of one fraction and the initial boiling point of the succeeding fraction and a difference of not more than 60 °C between the temperatures at which 5 and 90 % by volume (including losses) distil by the EN ISO 3405 method (equivalent to the ASTM D 86 method); (b) with an overlapping of the final boiling point of one fraction and the initial boiling point of the succeeding fraction and a difference of not more than 30 °C between the temperatures at which 5 and 90 % by volume (including losses) distil by the EN ISO 3405 method (equivalent to the ASTM D 86 method). Additional note 5(c) Cracking is an industrial process for modifying the chemical structure of petroleum products by breaking down the molecules by heating, with or without pressure and with or without the assistance of a catalyst, thus producing, in particular, mixtures of lighter hydrocarbons which may be liquid or gaseous at normal temperatures and pressures. The chief cracking processes are: 1. thermal cracking; 2. catalytic cracking; 3. steam cracking to obtain gaseous hydrocarbons; 4. hydrocracking (cracking plus hydrogenation); 5. dehydrogenation; 6. dealkylation; 7. coking; 8. visbreaking. Additional note 5(d) Reforming is the thermal or catalytic processing of light or medium oils to increase their content of aromatics. Catalytic reforming is used, for example, to convert straight-distillation light oils into light oils with a higher octane number (with a higher content of aromatic hydrocarbons) or into a mixture of hydrocarbons containing benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, etc. The principal catalytic reforming processes are those employing platinum as the catalyst. Additional note 5(e) Extraction by means of selective solvents is the process of separating groups of products with different molecular structures by means of substances having a preferential solvent effect (for example, furfural, phenol, dichlorethyl ether, sulphuric anhydride, nitrobenzene, urea and certain of its derivatives, acetone, propane, ethyl methyl ketone, isobutyl methyl ketone, glycol, N-methyl morpholine). Additional note 5(g) Polymerisation is the industrial process, whether or not involving heating or the use of a catalyst, by means of which unsaturated hydrocarbons are made to form their polymers or copolymers. Additional note 5(h) Alkylation means any thermal or catalytic reaction in which unsaturated hydrocarbons are united with any other hydrocarbons, in particular, isoparaffins and aromatics. Additional note 5(ij) Isomerisation is the reforming of the structure of the constituents of petroleum products without altering their gross composition. Additional note 5(l) The following are examples of dewaxing for the purposes of this additional note: 1. dewaxing by cooling (with or without solvents); 2. microbiological treatment; 3. dewaxing by means of urea; 4. molecular sieve treatment. Additional note 5(n) Atmospheric distillation means distillation carried out at a pressure of about 1 013 mbar, measured at the head of the column. Additional note 6 1. ‘Chemical transformation’ means any operation for the molecular modification of one or more constituents of a petroleum product undergoing processing. The mere mixing of a petroleum product with another product, whether or not also of petroleum, is not regarded as a ‘chemical transformation’. The incorporation of white spirit into paint, for example, or of a base oil into printing ink, is not to be regarded as falling within the definition of ‘chemical transformation’. This is also the case with all uses of petroleum products as solvents or fuels. 2. Examples of ‘chemical transformations’: (a) treatment with halogens or halogen compounds: (i) reaction with propylene present in a gaseous petroleum fraction, in order to obtain organic derivatives (for example, to obtain propylene oxide); (ii) treatment of petroleum fractions (motor spirit, kerosene, gas oil), paraffins, petroleum waxes or paraffinic residues with chlorine or chlorine compounds, in order to obtain chloroparaffins; (b) treatment with bases (for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium hydroxides), in order to obtain naphthenic acids; (c) treatment with sulphuric acid or its anhydride: (i) to obtain sulphonates; (ii) to extract or obtain isobutylene; (iii) for the sulphonation of gas oils and lubricating oils. Oil added after sulphonation is not eligible for exemption; (d) sulphochlorination; (e) hydration, particularly for obtaining alcohols by modification of unsaturated hydrocarbons present in gaseous petroleum fractions; (f) treatment with maleic anhydride, in particular, treatment of butadiene mixed with a gaseous petroleum fraction containing four carbon atoms, in order to obtain tetrahydrophthalic acid; (g) treatment with phenol, for example, reaction of petroleum olefins with phenols in the presence of a catalyst, in order to obtain alkylphenols; (h) oxidation: (i) oxidation of heavy oils to obtain bitumens of subheading 2713 20 00 ; (ii) oxidation of any petroleum product, in order to obtain more complex chemical products such as acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols; for example, oxidation of light fractions under heat and pressure, to obtain acetic, formic, propionic and succinic acids; (ij) dehydrogenation, for example, of: (i) naphthenic hydrocarbons, to obtain aromatic hydrocarbons (for example, benzole); (ii) paraffinic hydrocarbons, to obtain liquid olefins as used, for example, in the manufacture of biodegradable alkylbenzenes; (k) oxo synthesis; (l) irreversible incorporation of heavy oils into high polymers (for example, into latex of natural or synthetic rubber, butyl rubber, polystyrene); (m) manufacture of products of heading 2803 ; (n) nitration, to obtain nitrated derivatives; (o) biological treatment of certain petroleum fractions containing n-paraffins, to obtain proteins or other complex organic products.