IT-2015-HACKINGTEAMNationale GerichteItalienIntrusion software (RCS/Galileo)
Italian authorities investigated Hacking Team (now Memento Labs) for selling its Remote Control System (RCS/Galileo) intrusion software to Sudan, Ethiopia, and other countries with poor human rights records. The software, classified as intrusion software under 4A005/4D004, was exported without proper authorization. The 2015 WikiLeaks disclosure of Hacking Team's internal emails revealed the scope of unauthorized exports.
Wichtige Feststellungen (5)
- Intrusion software (4A005/4D004) is controlled as a dual-use item under the Wassenaar Arrangement and EU Regulation
- Remote access trojans (RATs) designed for covert surveillance are controlled regardless of whether they are marketed as 'lawful intercept' tools
- Italy's MISE (Ministry of Economic Development) is the competent authority for dual-use export licenses - export without license is a criminal offense
- The Wassenaar Arrangement added intrusion software controls in 2013 - the EU transposed them in 2014
- Article 5 of Regulation 2021/821 (cyber-surveillance catch-all) was partly inspired by the Hacking Team case