CJEU-C-372-05-COMMISSION-V-GERMANYGerichtshof der Europäischen Union (EuGH)Europäische Union
Dual-use regulation scope
Commission v Germany (C-372/05). The CJEU ruled that Germany's national catch-all provisions for dual-use items were compatible with the EU Dual-Use Regulation, confirming that Member States may maintain stricter national controls beyond the EU common list.
Zitierte ECNs:Keine spezifische ECN
Wichtige Feststellungen (4)
Member States may maintain national catch-all provisions that go beyond the EU Dual-Use Regulation's common list
National controls must be notified to the Commission and other Member States
The EU Dual-Use Regulation establishes minimum harmonization, not maximum harmonization - stricter national rules are permitted
This principle remains valid under the current Regulation 2021/821 (recast)
CJEU-C-70-94-WERNERGerichtshof der Europäischen Union (EuGH)Europäische Union
Dual-use goods (general)
Werner v Germany (C-70/94). The CJEU ruled that EU Member States may restrict exports of dual-use goods on grounds of public security under Art 36 TFEU, even where no EU-wide harmonization exists. This foundational case established that export control of dual-use goods falls within the shared competence of the EU and Member States.
Zitierte ECNs:Keine spezifische ECN
Wichtige Feststellungen (4)
Export controls on dual-use goods are a legitimate public security measure under EU law
Member States retain residual competence for items not covered by EU common lists
Public security grounds can justify restrictions on free movement of goods within the single market for dual-use items
This case predates the EU Dual-Use Regulation but established core principles still applied today
CJEU-C-83-94-LEIFERGerichtshof der Europäischen Union (EuGH)Europäische Union
Chemical precursors
Leifer and Others (C-83/94). German criminal case on export of chemical precursors (thiodiglycol, thionyl chloride) to Iraq via Jordan. The CJEU ruled that national export control measures must comply with the principle of proportionality and cannot go beyond what is necessary to protect public security.
Chemical precursors on the dual-use list (now 1C350) are legitimately subject to export controls
Criminal sanctions for unauthorized export are proportionate when applied to listed chemicals
Transit through third countries does not remove the export control obligation - the final destination determines the control status
Thiodiglycol (CAS 111-48-8) and thionyl chloride (CAS 7719-09-7) are definitively controlled under chemical weapons precursor lists
CJEU-C-367-89-RICHARDTGerichtshof der Europäischen Union (EuGH)Europäische Union
Strategic goods transit
Richardt (C-367/89). The CJEU established that transit of strategic goods through EU territory can be subject to national licensing requirements on public security grounds. Even goods in transit through a Member State can be seized if they lack proper export authorization.
Zitierte ECNs:Keine spezifische ECN
Wichtige Feststellungen (3)
Transit of dual-use goods through EU territory requires authorization if the goods are controlled
Member States can seize goods in transit that lack proper export licenses
The free movement of goods does not apply to strategic/dual-use items that threaten public security